Comprehensive Notes on Human Development

Adolescence

• Changes experienced by women:
  • Breast development.
  • Oily skin.
  • Hips widening, leading to a curvy figure.
  • Onset of menstruation (period).
• Masturbation is considered normal behavior in teenagers.
• Parents may seek guidance regarding their child's development, which is typically normal and healthy.
• Promoting positive self-esteem in adolescents:
  • Listen to them.
  • Engage in non-judgmental interactions.
  • Support good decisions (e.g., "Hey, mom, I'm going to prom.").
  • Acknowledge their achievements (e.g., "You did a great job.").

Young Adulthood

• Stress and Work-Life Balance:
  • Starting a career can be stressful, leading to long work hours to gain familiarity and job security.
  • This can result in the job taking over life and a lack of work-life balance.
  • Encourage scheduling specific late nights while ensuring other days have appropriate departure times.
• Formal Operational Thinking:
  • Young adults utilize formal operational thinking, applying problem-solving skills, prioritization, and past experiences.
• Psychosocial Development:
  • Primary goal: Choosing and establishing employment.

Middle Age

• Risks of Middle-Aged Obesity:
  • Diabetes.
  • Hypertension (HTN).
  • Heart disease.
  • Osteoarthritis.
  • High cholesterol levels.

Adolescence (Female)

• Female Adolescent's Sex Characteristics:
  • Primary: Ovaries.
  • Secondary: Pubic hair, widened hips, breast growth.
• Eccrine glands produce sweat, contributing to body odor (BO).

Young Adulthood

• Sleep Aids:
  • Exercise before bed.
  • Reading in bed.
  • Avoid drinking Coke/alcohol before bed.
• Metabolism:
  • Metabolism slows down in early adulthood, potentially leading to weight gain.
• Body Image:
  • Body image is a significant concern for adolescents.

Parenting Styles

• Autocratic: Dictatorial parenting style.
• Democratic: Encourages communication and collaboration.
• Laissez-faire: Permissive, allowing freedom without intervention.

Young Adults

• Importance of Intimate Friendships:
  • Provides a support system and a source of reliance.
• Counseling Parents on Adolescent Behavior:
  • Avoid being confrontational; instead, be compromising.

Middle-Aged Female

• Middle-aged female with a family history of high cholesterol undergoing a routine exam requires lab work to monitor cholesterol levels.

Young Adulthood (Erik Erikson)

• Intimacy vs. Isolation:
  • Isolation may result from feeling rejected or experiencing breakups.
  • Peer pressure: feeling pressured to engage in activities (e.g., dating) before feeling ready.
  • Signs to watch for: Withdrawing and depression.

Middle Age

• Preventing Death in Middle Age Group:
  • Focus on preventing heart disease.
  • Maintain a healthy diet.
  • Schedule regular check-ups and tests.
  • Engage in regular exercise.

Older Adults

• Age-Related Changes and Safety:
  • Personal safety is crucial due to sensory changes (eyesight, hearing) and slower reflexes.
• Generativity:
  • Engaging in community services and helping others.
  • Learning new things.
• Theories of Aging:
  • Understand different theories of aging.
• Malnutrition:
  • Contributing factors: Slowdown of bodily functions, dental issues, taste changes.
  • Manifestations: Loneliness and depression due to loss of family members, friends, and coworkers.
• Empty Nest Syndrome:
  • Children have grown up and gone to college, requiring adjustment.
• Risk Factors for Mental Decline:
  • Sedentary lifestyle.
  • Avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
• Menopausal Female Client on Hormone Replacement Therapy:
  • Consider family history of breast cancer.
• Perimenopausal Women:
  • Risk of osteoporosis.
  • Bone scans and calcium intake are important for loss of bone mass.
• Dementia:
  • Middle-aged and elderly individuals may experience disorientation, insomnia, and memory loss.
  • Intervention: Orient them to the date and time every day.

Middle Age

• Body Changes:
  • Changes in body shape and weight distribution may cause clothes to fit differently even with the same weight.

Older Adults (Erik Erikson)

• Integrity vs. Despair:
  • Reflecting on life with either a sense of accomplishment or regret.
• Renal System Changes:
  • Encourage increased fluid intake due to changes in the renal system.
• Swallowing Difficulties:
  • Older adults may be prone to gagging and choking due to decreased gag reflex.
• Intelligence:
  • Intelligence does not decline with age.
• Menopausal Concerns:
  • Advise coping mechanisms to manage stress and anxiety.
• Swallowing Difficulties, Cataracts, Pulse Rate Under 60:
  • Prioritize addressing swallowing difficulties first.
• Colonoscopy:
  • Recommended for everyone over the age of 50.
• Sandwiched Generation:
  • Balancing empty nesting with caring for their own aging parents.
• Views on Death and Dying:
  • Understand how different age groups view death and dying.

End-of-Life Care

• Grief: Outward expression of loss.
• Cultural Sensitivity:
  • When caring for a dying patient from a different culture, prioritize respecting the patient's wishes.
• Living Will vs. Power of Attorney (POA):
  • Living will: Outlines the patient's desired end-of-life care.
  • POA: Designates someone to make decisions on the patient's behalf.
• Support Group Facilitation:
  • Advise against making drastic life changes immediately after the loss of a loved one.
• Kubler-Ross Stages of Loss:
  • Denial, depression, and anger are common statements made by clients.
• Maladaptive vs. Avestorriy Grief:
  • Understand the difference between healthy and unhealthy grieving processes.
• Signs of Impending Death:
  • Cheyne-Stokes respirations, decreased pulse rate, temperature drop, and blood pressure drop.
• Hospice:
  • Provide comfort and a peaceful death.