APUSH Period 9 IDs

1. Reagan Coalition

   1. various groups, including more conservative democrats and the working class, who came together to support Reagan's policies on issues such as tax cuts, deregulation, and a robust national defense.

2. Liberalism vs. conservatism

   1. liberals: generally supported government intervention in the economy and social issues such as civil rights and environmental protection conservatives: favored limited government involvement in the economy and social issues, and emphasized individual responsibility and traditional values.

3. Social safety net

   1. a collection of programs and policies that are designed to provide assistance and support to individuals and families who are experiencing financial hardship or other forms of social disadvantage (ex. unemployment insurance, food assistance, housing subsidies, and healthcare coverage, among others)

4. New Right

   1. characterized by a conservative ideology that emphasizes individualism, free markets, and limited government intervention in the economy

5. Mikhail Gorbachev

   1. a Soviet politician of the Soviet Union, known for his policies of perestroika and glasnost, his leadership lead to the end of the Cold War

6. glasnost

   1. the policy of openness and transparency implemented in the Soviet Union in the 1980s under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev

7. perestroika

   1. aimed to reform the Soviet economy and political system by introducing elements of capitalism and democracy (means “restructuring” in Russian)

8. Sandinistas

   1. a socialist political party and revolutionary movement in Nicaragua that overthrew the dictatorship and governed the country until 1990.

9. Reaganomics

   1. economic policies implemented that were characterized by a focus on reducing government spending, lowering taxes, and deregulating industries, ideally to stimulate economic growth and create jobs by increasing investment and productivity

   2. Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

   3. a law passed by the U.S. Congress that was designed to stimulate economic growth by cutting taxes, particularly for businesses and high-income individuals; reduced individual income tax rates, accelerated depreciation for businesses, and increased incentives for saving and investment

   4. “Evil Empire”

   5. used by US President Ronald Reagan in a speech in 1983 to describe the Soviet Union, which he believed was a threat to freedom and democracy

   6. Military spending in the 1980s

   7. Reagan administration implemented a policy of "peace through strength," which led to a buildup of the military and increased defense spending

   8. Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”)

   9. proposed missile defense system by the United States during the Cold War that aimed to use ground and space-based systems to protect the country from ballistic missile attacks (never fully implemented)

   10. Iran-Contra Affair

   11. a political scandal that involved the secret sale of weapons to Iran, which was under an arms embargo, in exchange for hostages and the diversion of the proceeds to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua

   12. Yuppies

   13. short for "young urban professionals", a cultural phenomenon characterized by their affluent lifestyles, career-driven attitudes, and conspicuous consumption of luxury goods

   14. Migration to Sun Belt

   15. primarily due to the region's warm climate, booming economy, and job opportunities in industries such as technology, aerospace, and defense

   16. HIV/AIDS crisis

   17. a global epidemic that primarily affected the LGBTQ+ community, intravenous drug users, and hemophiliacs, characterized by fear, stigma, and discrimination toward those affected

   18. Crack cocaine epidemic

   19. the widespread surge in the use and distribution in the United States; disproportionately affected low-income urban areas and led to a rise in crime, violence, and addiction

   20. Fall of Berlin Wall

   21. in 1989, German citizens were distracted, ending communist oppression in Germany

   22. Boris Yeltsin

   23. Russian politician who served as the first president of Russia after the collapse of the Soviets

   24. Saddam Hussein

   25. Iraqi president until removal by the US, invaded Kuwait, leading to the first Gulf War

   26. First Gulf War

   27. sparked by the invasion of Kuwait, Iraq vs. US and many others in order to protect oil

   28. American Involvement in Somalia

   29. provided military and economic assistance to counter Soviet influence

   30. American Involvement in Yugoslavia

   31. provided financial aid to stabilize the economy and avoid the expansion of Soviet control

   32. Good Friday Agreement

   33. declared Nothern Ireland within the UK and remained that way until a majority of residents wished otherwise, creating peace in this region

   34. Ross Perot

   35. independent presidential runner, based in responsibility, government reform, and opposition to free trade agreements

   36. Newt Gingrich

   37. speaker of the house, a prominent conservative voice that faced backlash due to his personal ethics, asked to resign after controversy in his personal life

   38. Contract with America

   39. a political manifesto that outlined tax cuts, welfare reform, and balanced budget amendments

   40. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

   41. reduced trade barriers between US, Canada, and Mexica to create a healthy North America

   42. Clinton impeachment

   43. charges of perjury and obstruction of justice due to lying under oath about his relationship with white house intern Monica Lewinsky

   44. Microsoft and Apple

   45. created more advanced and portable technology and invention of the world wide web

   46. Outsourcing of manufacturing work

   47. changing economy of the late 20th century, less need for factory jobs

   48. 2000 presidential election

   49. bush vs. gore, bush was elected despite losing the popular vote; determined by the Supreme Court

   50. Compassionate conservatism

   51. seeks to address issues such as poverty, education, and healthcare through policies that emphasize personal responsibility and community engagement, rather than simply relying on government programs; emphasizes the importance of charitable giving, faith-based organizations, and other forms of private philanthropy in promoting social welfare

   52. Ralph Nader

   53. consumer protector and environmental activist, known for criticizing the automobile industry’s reluctance to put safety features in place

   54. Dick Cheney and Karl Rove

   55. political figures most notable for national security and conservative policies

   56. Unabomber

   57. domestic terrorist who carries out a series of bombings over two decades, targeting universities and airlines

   58. Oklahoma City bombing

   59. McVeigh and Nichols (anti-government white supremacists) bombed federal buildings killing 168, known as one of the deadliest acts of domestic terrorism

   60. 9/11 attacks

   61. attacks on the world trade center and Pentagon killed nearly 3000 people, launched War on Terror

   62. Osama Bin Laden

   63. founder of Al-Qaeda

   64. Al-Qaeda

   65. terrorist group responsible for 9/11

   66. Taliban

   67. the militant Islamist group that originated in Afghanistan and was temporarily overthrown by the US

   68. Enhanced interrogation tactics

   69. sparked by terrorist attacks of the early 2000s

   70. Patriot Act

   71. declared a closer watch on the American public and free speech (targetted phone calls and internet searches)

   72. Department of Homeland Security

   73. Combines agencies such as immigration and customs, border control, and coast guard to prevent terrorism

   74. Climate change

   75. it’s real!

   76. Hurricane Katrina

   77. a deadly natural disaster that’s amplitude is credited to climate change effects

   78. Great Recession

   79. the real estate “bubble burst” that was supported by risky mortgages, due to forclosure (solved by billions in government bailout)

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