APUSH Period 9 IDs

Reagan Coalition

1. various groups, including more conservative democrats and the working class, who came together to support Reagan's policies on issues such as tax cuts, deregulation, and a robust national defense.

Liberalism vs. conservatism

1. liberals: generally supported government intervention in the economy and social issues such as civil rights and environmental protection conservatives: favored limited government involvement in the economy and social issues, and emphasized individual responsibility and traditional values.

Social safety net

1. a collection of programs and policies that are designed to provide assistance and support to individuals and families who are experiencing financial hardship or other forms of social disadvantage (ex. unemployment insurance, food assistance, housing subsidies, and healthcare coverage, among others)

New Right

1. characterized by a conservative ideology that emphasizes individualism, free markets, and limited government intervention in the economy

Mikhail Gorbachev

1. a Soviet politician of the Soviet Union, known for his policies of perestroika and glasnost, his leadership lead to the end of the Cold War

glasnost

1. the policy of openness and transparency implemented in the Soviet Union in the 1980s under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev

perestroika

1. aimed to reform the Soviet economy and political system by introducing elements of capitalism and democracy (means “restructuring” in Russian)

Sandinistas

1. a socialist political party and revolutionary movement in Nicaragua that overthrew the dictatorship and governed the country until 1990.

Reaganomics

1. economic policies implemented that were characterized by a focus on reducing government spending, lowering taxes, and deregulating industries, ideally to stimulate economic growth and create jobs by increasing investment and productivity

2. Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

3. a law passed by the U.S. Congress that was designed to stimulate economic growth by cutting taxes, particularly for businesses and high-income individuals; reduced individual income tax rates, accelerated depreciation for businesses, and increased incentives for saving and investment

4. “Evil Empire”

5. used by US President Ronald Reagan in a speech in 1983 to describe the Soviet Union, which he believed was a threat to freedom and democracy

6. Military spending in the 1980s

7. Reagan administration implemented a policy of "peace through strength," which led to a buildup of the military and increased defense spending

8. Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”)

9. proposed missile defense system by the United States during the Cold War that aimed to use ground and space-based systems to protect the country from ballistic missile attacks (never fully implemented)

10. Iran-Contra Affair

11. a political scandal that involved the secret sale of weapons to Iran, which was under an arms embargo, in exchange for hostages and the diversion of the proceeds to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua

12. Yuppies

13. short for "young urban professionals", a cultural phenomenon characterized by their affluent lifestyles, career-driven attitudes, and conspicuous consumption of luxury goods

14. Migration to Sun Belt

15. primarily due to the region's warm climate, booming economy, and job opportunities in industries such as technology, aerospace, and defense

16. HIV/AIDS crisis

17. a global epidemic that primarily affected the LGBTQ+ community, intravenous drug users, and hemophiliacs, characterized by fear, stigma, and discrimination toward those affected

18. Crack cocaine epidemic

19. the widespread surge in the use and distribution in the United States; disproportionately affected low-income urban areas and led to a rise in crime, violence, and addiction

20. Fall of Berlin Wall

21. in 1989, German citizens were distracted, ending communist oppression in Germany

22. Boris Yeltsin

23. Russian politician who served as the first president of Russia after the collapse of the Soviets

24. Saddam Hussein

25. Iraqi president until removal by the US, invaded Kuwait, leading to the first Gulf War

26. First Gulf War

27. sparked by the invasion of Kuwait, Iraq vs. US and many others in order to protect oil

28. American Involvement in Somalia

29. provided military and economic assistance to counter Soviet influence

30. American Involvement in Yugoslavia

31. provided financial aid to stabilize the economy and avoid the expansion of Soviet control

32. Good Friday Agreement

33. declared Nothern Ireland within the UK and remained that way until a majority of residents wished otherwise, creating peace in this region

34. Ross Perot

35. independent presidential runner, based in responsibility, government reform, and opposition to free trade agreements

36. Newt Gingrich

37. speaker of the house, a prominent conservative voice that faced backlash due to his personal ethics, asked to resign after controversy in his personal life

38. Contract with America

39. a political manifesto that outlined tax cuts, welfare reform, and balanced budget amendments

40. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

41. reduced trade barriers between US, Canada, and Mexica to create a healthy North America

42. Clinton impeachment

43. charges of perjury and obstruction of justice due to lying under oath about his relationship with white house intern Monica Lewinsky

44. Microsoft and Apple

45. created more advanced and portable technology and invention of the world wide web

46. Outsourcing of manufacturing work

47. changing economy of the late 20th century, less need for factory jobs

48. 2000 presidential election

49. bush vs. gore, bush was elected despite losing the popular vote; determined by the Supreme Court

50. Compassionate conservatism

51. seeks to address issues such as poverty, education, and healthcare through policies that emphasize personal responsibility and community engagement, rather than simply relying on government programs; emphasizes the importance of charitable giving, faith-based organizations, and other forms of private philanthropy in promoting social welfare

52. Ralph Nader

53. consumer protector and environmental activist, known for criticizing the automobile industry’s reluctance to put safety features in place

54. Dick Cheney and Karl Rove

55. political figures most notable for national security and conservative policies

56. Unabomber

57. domestic terrorist who carries out a series of bombings over two decades, targeting universities and airlines

58. Oklahoma City bombing

59. McVeigh and Nichols (anti-government white supremacists) bombed federal buildings killing 168, known as one of the deadliest acts of domestic terrorism

60. 9/11 attacks

61. attacks on the world trade center and Pentagon killed nearly 3000 people, launched War on Terror

62. Osama Bin Laden

63. founder of Al-Qaeda

64. Al-Qaeda

65. terrorist group responsible for 9/11

66. Taliban

67. the militant Islamist group that originated in Afghanistan and was temporarily overthrown by the US

68. Enhanced interrogation tactics

69. sparked by terrorist attacks of the early 2000s

70. Patriot Act

71. declared a closer watch on the American public and free speech (targetted phone calls and internet searches)

72. Department of Homeland Security

73. Combines agencies such as immigration and customs, border control, and coast guard to prevent terrorism

74. Climate change

75. it’s real!

76. Hurricane Katrina

77. a deadly natural disaster that’s amplitude is credited to climate change effects

78. Great Recession

79. the real estate “bubble burst” that was supported by risky mortgages, due to forclosure (solved by billions in government bailout)