Time Period	Key Developments	People and Vocabulary
1450–1600	Rise of powerful land-based empires such as the Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid, and Manchu These empires used gunpowder, cannons, and military innovation to expand their power	Mughal Empire Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Manchu (Qing) Dynasty Gunpowder Technology Tax farming/zamindars/devshirme Religious legitimacy (e.g., divine right, Islamic rule)
1450–1600	Empires used religious ideas, monumental architecture, and tribute systems to consolidate control Bureaucratic elites and military professionals became central to governance	Divine Right Zamindar System (Mughal) Devshirme (Ottoman) Samurai (Tokugawa Japan) Tribute Lists (Mexica/Tenochtitlan) Monumental Architecture (e.g., Versailles, Mughal mausolea)
1450–1750	Political and religious rivalries intensified, especially between the Ottomans and Safavids Sikhism emerged in South Asia due to interactions between Hinduism and Islam	Sunni vs. Shi’a conflict Sikhism Protestant Reformation (Europe) Catholic Counter-Reformation Missionary Activity Human Sacrifice (Mexica)

Time Period	Key Developments	People and Vocabulary
1450–1500	European technological advancements (ship design, navigation tools) enabled transoceanic voyages Portuguese exploration of Africa and India led to new trading posts	Caravel Lateen Sail Compass Prince Henry the Navigator Vasco da Gama Trade Posts (Goa, Malacca, Cape of Good Hope)
1492–1500	Spanish sponsorship of Columbus’s voyages opened transatlantic routes. European interest in finding alternative sea routes to Asia increased.	Christopher Columbus Columbus Voyages Atlantic Exploration Encomienda System Hacienda System
1450–1750	The Columbian Exchange reshaped global diets, economies, and demographics European diseases devastated Indigenous populations in the Americas	Columbian Exchange Smallpox, Measles, Malaria New Crops (potatoes, maize, tomatoes) Cash Crops (sugar, cotton, tobacco) Plantation Systems Maroon Societies
1450–1750	Resistance to imperial powers grew among local groups and enslaved peoples Examples include the Pueblo Revolt, Metacom’s War, and Maroon societies	Pueblo Revolt (1680) Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War) Maroon Communities Ana Nzinga Fronde (France) Cossack Revolts Marathas vs. Mughals
1450–1750	Syncretic religions and cultural blending occurred due to global contact Existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued despite European disruption	Syncretism (e.g., Sikhism) Cultural Diffusion Swahili Merchants Javanese Traders Gujarati Merchants Ming Isolationism Tokugawa Shogunate
1500–1750	Maritime Empires expanded through colonization and global trade Asian states like Ming China and Tokugawa Japan adopted isolationist policies to resist European influence	Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Dutch East India Company (VOC) British East India Company French Colonial Expansion Asante Kingdom Kingdom of Kongo Isolationism (Ming, Tokugawa)
1500–1750	The Atlantic Slave Trade developed, with African labor being coerced into plantations in the Americas New social hierarchies formed, including the Casta system in colonial Latin America Transatlantic Slave Trade	Casta System Indentured Servitude Mercantilism Joint-Stock Companies Enslaved Labor Peasant Agriculture (wool, linen, silk)

Unit 3 and 4 CED