Untitled Flashcards Set 1

Week 1:

History of OT in Mental Health

Individualised Strength Based approaches are evident in contemporary society across education, workplaces, health, and community development. 

·      Education: Emphasis on personalised learning plans an differentiated instruction caters to diverse student strengths 

·      Work Place: Human Resources focus on identifying and leveraging employees' strengths, using assessments and coaching individual team performance 

·      Health: Patient centered care in healthcare tailors treatment plans to individual strengths, promoting collaboration therapeutic relationship

·      Psychology: Therapeutic interventions prioritize clients existing strengths, fostering a positive and empowering therapeutic relationship    

·      Community Development: Social services adopt strengths-based, mobilizing community and individual strengths for sustainable development

·      Technology: Advancements enable personalized experiences, from entertainment recommendations to adaptive learning platforms, aligning with individual strengths and preferences  

·      Social Media: Platforms serve as spaces for individuals to showcase and leveraging their talents, contributing to a diversified landscape 

·      Diversity and Inclusion: Efforts celebrate individual strengths within diverse communities, moving beyond acknowledge differences to actively leveraging unique skills and perspectives 

·      These examples collectively highlight a societal shift towards recognising and leveraging individual strengths, fostering inclusivity and empowerment. 

Mental Health Act 2016

The Mental Health Act places a strong emphasis on strengthening patient rights.  The critical right follows what principle?:

·      Least restrictive way of care and treatment

Why has the Act placed greater emphasis on advance health directives?: 

·      Respect individual' autonomy in mental health treatment. This allowed patients to express preferences, even if decision making ability is hindered, ensuring patient centered approach and respecting the right to make own choices surrounding care. 

Identify two ways that the Act ensures patients receive support when they are unwell:

1.      Providing treatment, care, and support tailored to the individual's needs.

2.     Involving family, carers, and support persons in the decision making process, unless against patients wishes. 

Even when an Independent Patient Rights Adviser is involved why do staff at the mental health facility still need to talk to patients about their rights?:

·      Staff at the facility must communicate with patients about their rights, even with an independent Patient Rights Adviser involved, to promptly address any question's or concerns and ensure a clear understanding of their rights in mental health care 

What are the three treatment criteria identified in the Act?:

1.     The Person has a mental illness.

2.     The person needs immediate treatment to prevent harm to themselves or others.

3.     The person is unwilling or unable to consent to the necessary treatment voluntarily: 

Identify six principles identified in the Act that safeguard the rights of persons; are the 'least restrictive' of the rights and liberties of a person, so they may only be adversely affected to the extent necessary, and promote the recovery of a person:

1.     Least Restrictive way of Care and Treatment.

2.     Adverse Effects Limited to the Extent Necessary.

3.     Promotion of the Recovery of the Person.

4.     Recognition of Cultural and Linguistic diversity.

5.     Respect for Individual Needs and Preferences.

6.     Collaboration and Involvement of Family and Carers in Decision-Making 

What does the concept of capacity mean under the Act and how can you apply it in practice?

·      Ability to make decisions about treatment and life aspects. It involves assessing understanding, appreciation of consequences, and effective communication. If lacking capacity, decisions are made in the persons best interests while considering expressed wishes 

Treatment Authorities

What did treatment authorities replace under the Mental Health Act 2000?

·      Treatment Orders. The introduction of treatment authorities showed a change in the legal framework related to mental health treatment and care in Queensland 

What are the two critical concepts to the making of treatment authorities?

·      Criteria for Making a  Treatment Authority - based on criteria, including person having mental illness, requiring immediate treatment to prevent harm, being unwilling to unable to consent voluntarily 

·      Least restrictive way of Care and treatment - care and treatment should be least restrictive necessary to achieve desired outcomes, promoting recovery while respecting rights and liberties 

What are the two stages in making a treatment authority? 

·      Initiation - mental health professional assesses if a person meets criteria 

·      Approval - authorized decision maker approves the authority based on a comprehensive assessment of the persons mental health 

What is the minimum amount of time an authorised doctor must re-assess the treatment authority?

·      The minimum amount of time for reassessment is every 3 months. it is crucial to ensure that conditions and necessity for the treatment authority remain valid and appropriate for individual mental health needs 

The treatment authority must be revoked if, at any time, the treatment criteria no longer applies to the patient or there is a less restrictive way for the patient to receive treatment and care. What is the exception to this?

·      Occurs when the patient, with capacity, voluntarily consents to its continuations, even if initial criteria no longer applies ot there is a less restrictive alternative.

Mental Health Review Tribunal

The Tribunal regularly reviews treatment authorities to decide if they should continue and the extent of treatment in the community under the authority.  The first review of a treatment authority is to occur within how many days of it being made? 

·      The first review of a treatment authority by tribunal is required to occur within 28 days of its initial issuance 

Under the Act, ‘examination authorities’ are made by the Mental Health Review Tribunal. What do these authorities allow a doctor or authorised mental health practitioner to do? 

·      They empower doctors and authorised mental health practitioners to assess an individual's mental state for comprehensive evaluation and treatment decisions 

Authorised Mental Health Practitioners

Conducting Examinations

·      conduct examinations to assess a persons mental state. this role involves gathering essential information to contribute to comprehensive evaluations for appropriate care and treatment decisions

Making Recommendations for Treatment 

·      Assessing the individuals condition and proposing suitable treatment options, ensuring the person receives the necessary care in line with their mental health needs 

Criminal Justice system and victims’ rights

Under the Act Magistrates have been given express powers to dismiss charges for persons in what situation?

·      Magistrates have been given express powers to dismiss charges for persons who are deemed to be suffering from a mental illness at the time of the alleged offense 

The Act introduced a new order called a ‘treatment support order’, is this described as a step-up or a step-down from a forensic order?

·      A 'treatment support order' is described as a step-down from a forensic order 

Who can apply for an examination authority to be made by the Mental Health Review Tribunal? 

·      Initiated by 'patients chief psychiatrist, or an authorised doctor or the patients authorised mental health practitioner'

Emergency examination authorities may be made by a police officer or an ambulance officer under which Act?

·      Emergency examination authorities may be made by a police officer or an ambulance officer. 

When can a request for a psychiatric report be made?

·      When there is a need for assessing a person's mental state for legal or mental health purposes. Authorised individuals, including police officers and medical practitioners can initiate this request based on concerns about a persons mental health or for legal proceedings 

If an individual has an intellectual disability and requires forensic care, which 'order' is the Court most likely to make? 

·      The court is likely to make a Forensic Disability Order under QMHA

What defines a 'classified patient'?

·      Individual formally assessed as needing involuntary mental health treatment for their well-being or for the safety of others 

The Use of Seclusion and Restraint

The Act has the goal of reducing and where possible, eliminating the use of seclusion, mechanical restrain and chemical restraint. What is Chemical Restraint?

·      Chemical Restrain, under the QMAH, involved using medication to manage behaviour and restrict a person’s freedom of movement. The Act aims to reduce and eliminate the use of chemical restraint, along with seclusion and mechanical restraint

Client Centred Groups:

Group Facilitation 7 steps: 

Introduction: Know people in group, develop understanding of task, understand key concepts and form expectations and timeline 

Activity: 

Sharing 

Processing 

Generalising 

Application 

Summary 

3 Group Leadership Styles:

1.     Directive Leadership: Therapist determines structure, activity, and processing, Therapist takes an active role in shaping member participation, Communication groups are an example, Group goals are achieved through active leadership

2.     Facilitative Leadership: Leader gathers support from members, OT earns their support by giving them choices and asking them to collaborate in reaching goals, Presumes a certain level of ability and rational thought, Allows group to experience advanced levels of group development

3.     Advisory Leadership: Assumes high level of functioning, Appropriate for more informal activities, Assumes motivation of members, OT leader acts as resource, OT imparts information as needed

Group roles may be assigned or involuntary. What were the three broad roles identified by Benne & Sheats (1948)? 

·      Task Roles: focus on achieving the goals and objectives of the group, contribute ideas, initiate discussions, provide information

·      Socio-Emotional Roles: offer support, encouragement, foster positive group atmosphere. contribute to building relationships and maintaining cohesion 

Educational Role of Occupational Therapists:

·      Assessing things such as; adaptive strategies, environmental modifications, and health promotion, setting goals, teaching skills. educational materials, collaboration with caregivers, and monitoring progress are key components. aim is to empower individuals, promote self-management, and integrate them into the community. 

·      As an occupational therapist, diversify teaching by assessing individual learning styles, incorporating various methods (visual aids, hands-on activities), and  using technology. personalize instruction, encourage collaborative learning, and be culturally sensitive. seek feedback, reflect on your teaching effectiveness, and stay updated on educational techniques. this ensures an inclusive learning environment that caters to diverse preferences 

Summary of Educational theories

Week 2:

Approaches to Practice

What is the difference between an 'Intended' and 'Actual' outcome?

·      Intended Outcome is planned result or goal, whereas the actual outcome is the observed result that occurs. comparing the two helps assess success with alignment indicating success and divergence suggesting a need for reassessment or adjustment 

How do a 'Process Goal' and an 'Outcome Goal' differ?

·      Process Goal: Focuses on controllable actions, emphasizing the journey. Success is based on adherence to specific tasks (e.g., daily exercise) 

·      Outcome Goal: Centers on desired result, influenced by various factors. Success is achieving a specific outcome (e.g. winning competition) 

Understanding the DSM-5:

The diagnostic and Statistical Manual Disorders is apublication of the APA. It contains diagnostic criteria grouped into categories too assist clinicians in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. The DSM is commonly used in Australia

Who uses it?

Doctors, including GP’s and psychiatrists, utilise DSM criteria to match against an individual’s symptoms during assessments. This process helps determine if the individual meets the diagnosis for a mental health disorder. Clinicians, such as psychologists or dietitians, may use this diagnostic information to select treatments with evidence-based outcomes.

Why Edition Numbers?

Periodically, the APA up updates the DSM based on feedback from mental health professionals and extensive discussions. Latest edition, DSM-5-TR released in 2022.

Understanding the ICD-11:

The international Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems serves as the global standard for identifying health trends and reporting diseases and health conditions. It facilitates data storage, retrieval, and analysis for evidence-based decision-makig and enables comparison of health information across different settings and countries. It is used for monitoring disease trends, resource allocation, safety guidelines, and tracking mortality and morbidity rates.

Psychopharmacology:

Medications

Antipsychotics – used for the treatment of psychosis (e.g. lessen hallucinations or delusions, reduce agitation) e.g. Haloperidol, Olanzapine

Antidepressants – used for the treatment  of depression, some are also for the treatment of anxiety e.g. Fluoxetine, paroxetine

Mood stabilisers – Used to treat bi-polar disorder and control episodes of mania e.g. haloperidol, olanzapine

Minor Tranquillizers – Used for short term sleeping problems and sedatives for severe anxiety e.g. diazepam, chlordiazepoxide

What is Agranulocytosis?: A condition in which the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is less than 100 neutrophils per microlitre of blood

Stigma and Recovery:

What is the SAMHSA’s working definition of recovery?

·      “A process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live self-directed lives, and strive to reach their full potential.”

List ten guiding principles of Recovery

·      Hope, Accountability, Respect, Peer Support, Strengths-based, Realistic, Full-Picture, Empowering, Self-centred, Self-directed

Using the PEO Model as a guide identify the three ways that occupational therapists can facilitate recovery using the SAMHSA Recovery dimensions.

·      Person-Centred Approach, Peer Support, Holistic Approach

Recovery Dimensions Case Study:

·      Health Dimension, Home Dimension, Purpose Dimension, Community Dimension.

Mental state Examination:

What is the difference between a mental Status/State Examination and a Mini-Mental Status/State Exam (or equivalent to MoCA)

·      While both assess aspects of cognitive function, the MSE is a boarder assessment of mental status encompassing cognitive, emotional, and psychological functioning, while the MMSE and MoCA are specific screening tools primarily focused on cognitive impairment and dementia-related symptoms

Person-Centred Assessment and Occupational Formulation

How does the OTPF define evaluation and what are the two key components included in the evaluation process?

·      “The process of obtaining and interpreting data necessary for intervention” evaluation in OT involves gathering data information to understand a clients strengths, limitation, and needs in order to develop an effective intervention plan.

·      The two key components in the evaluation process are: Occupational Profile and Analysis of Occupational Performance

·       

List the factors that influence the evaluation process:

·      Client Factors, Performance Patterns, Contexts and Environments, Activity Demands, Client Goals and Priorities, OT models and Frames of Reference, OT practitioner Factors

Review the therapeutic reasoning that occurs throughout the evaluation process

·      Dynamic and iterative nature of the evaluation process in OT, as therapists gather, analyse, and interpret information to confirm clinical decision-making and intervention planning

What does ‘Triangulating data’ mean in the context of the assessment?

·      Triangulating data refers to the process of collecting and analysing information from multiple sources or methods to validate findings, enhance reliability and gain more comprehensive understanding of the client

Week 3: Childhood Mental Health

When Comparing Medieval times to modern times, how have attitudes towards children changed in society?

·      Attitudes surrounding children and their development from medieval times to now, today it is viewed as a unique and valuable stage of life focusing in education, protection and well-being

·      Education and Literacy:

-       Medieval Times: Education was often limited, especially for lower social classes. Many children, particularly in rural areas, had minimal access to formal education. Literacy Rates were generally low.

-       Modern Times: There is a widespread emphasis on education for all children in modern societies. Laws mandate compulsory education, and there are various institutions and resources dedicated to the education and intellectual development of children

Australia is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (the Convention), whose values are encapsulated in the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 (Cth) (see below). What evidence have you seen that all the principles of the convention are not consistently fully integrated into Australian law and there remains a lack of enforceable remedies for many child rights violations in Australia (The Australian Child Rights Taskforce, 2011)

·      Australia as a signatory to the UNCRC, faces challenges in fully integrating its principles into national law. Evidence suggests gaps in the legislative alignment, inconsistent policy implementation, inadequate enforcement mechanisms, limited access to remedies for child rights violations, and insufficient monitoring and reporting. These factors hinder the effective protection and realisation of children’s rights across the country.

Neurodevelopmental Conditions:

What are some of the key changes the neurodiversity movement is calling for?

·      Key changes that are being called for are: Acceptance and inclusion of neurodivergent individuals, shifting perceptions to view neurodivergence as natural variations, education reforms to accommodate neurodivergent students, equal employment opportunities and inclusive workplaces, accessible healthcare and reducing pathologizing language, empowering autonomy and self-advocacy, challenging discrimination and representation of neurodivergent voices

How can occupational therapists be more neurodiverse-affirming?

·      Cultivating cultural competence and awareness, adopting a person-centered approach, respecting autonomy and goals, using inclusive language and communication styles, recognising and accommodating sensory sensitivities, designing flexible, tailored interventions, collaborating with neurodivergent individuals and valuing their input, embracing a mindset of cultural humility and ongoing professional development, advocating for inclusive policies and reducing societal stigma, providing accessible resources and information. 

What factors are believed to lead to the development of autism?

·      Environmental Factors, Neurological Factors, Immune System Dysfunction, Gastrointestinal Factors 

What per cent of individuals with ASD also meet the criteria for intellectual disability? 

·       40 - 60% of Individuals with ASD also meet criteria for an intellectual disability. 

Which medications have the most success for people with ASD?

·      Atypical Antipsychotics, Selective Serotonin Reuputake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Stimulant Medications, Melatonin

What are some of the reasons that people with ADHD have difficulty with working memory?

·      Executive Functioning Deficits, Attention Control, Distractibility, Impulsivity, Processing Speed, Neurobiological Factors 

How do medications enhance brain function? 

·      Neurotransmitter Modulation, Neuroprotection, neuroplasticity promotion, circulatory Improvement, neurotransmitter Balance, Symptom management, modulation of ion channels 

What are some strategies you could put in place for a University student with ADHD who has trouble getting started with their assignments?

·      Breakdown assignments into smaller tasks, use visual timelines and checklists, set goals and deadlines, use external cues and reminders, provide external accountability, use time blocking, create a distraction-free environment, reward progress and achievements, seek academic support services

About ADHD:

What are some of the reasons that people with ADHD have difficulty with working memory?

·      Executive Functioning Deficits, Attention Control, Distractibility, Impulsivity, Processing Speed, Neurobiological Factors

How do medications enhance brain function? 

·      Neurotransmitter Modulation, Neuroprotection, neuroplasticity promotion, circulatory Improvement, neurotransmitter Balance, Symptom management, modulation of ion channels 

What are some strategies you could put in place for a University student with ADHD who has trouble getting started with their assignments?

·      Breakdown assignments into smaller tasks, use visual timelines and checklists, set goals and deadlines, use external cues and reminders, provide external accountability, use time blocking, create a distraction-free environment, reward progress and achievements, seek academic support services

Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

Which conditions fit into Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorder (TSD) category?

·      PTSD, Acute stress Disorder, Adjustment Disorders, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

What is Trauma and how does it differ from stress?

·      Trauma is an overwhelming response to distressing events that disrupts coping mechanisms, leading to long-lasting emotional and psychological effects. Trauma results from extreme events that overwhelm coping abilities while stress stems from the body's response to daily changes. 

Identify and describe three different types of stress.

·      Acute Stress: Short-term stress from immediate demands like deadlines or public speaking 

·      Chronic Stress: Long-term stress from ongoing challenges such as financial problems or dysfunctional relationships 

·      Episode Acute Stress: Frequent bouts of acute stress due to an anxious or chaotic lifestyle, leading to ongoing crises and strained relationships 

Identify and describe three factors influencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

·      Traumatic Event Severity: the intensity and nature of the traumatic event significantly influence the likelihood of developing PTSD 

·      Personal Vulnerability: Genetic predispositions, pervious trauma, and mental health history affect an individual's susceptibility to PTSD 

·      Social support and Coping Skills: Adequate support networks and effective coping strategies can mitigate the impact of trauma and reduce the risk of PTSD 

Identify and describe two diagnostic groups in the TSD category and emerge in childhood.

·      Reactive Attachment Disorder: RAD arises from neglect or insufficient car in early childhood, leaning to difficulties in forming emotional bonds and social interactions 

·      Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder: 

·      DSED results from neglect or frequent changes in caregivers during childhood, causing children to display overly familiar behavior's with strangers and struggle with appropriate social boundaries. 

Read the lived experience JoDee (p.219). How may Trauma Informed Care have informed the approaches have influenced the approaches taken by the occupational therapist?

·      Creating safe Environment, Building trusting relationships, understanding triggers and responses, promoting empowerment and choice, utilising strength-based approaches. 

What are the 6 key principles promoted by SAMHSA for instituting trauma informed care?

·      Safety: Ensure physical and emotional safety 

·      Trustworthiness and Transparency: Build trust through clear communication and consistency 

·      Peer Support: Recognize the importance of peer connections in healing 

·      Collaboration and Mutuality: foster empowering relationships between providers and individuals

·      Empowerment, Voice, and Choice: Honor individuals' preferences, needs, and goals

·      Cultural, Historical, and gender Issues: Be sensitive to cultural, historical, and gender-specific contexts of trauma and recovery 

What are two features you could include in a sensory room for someone with low registration compared with two features you could include to assist a person who is sensation avoiding?

·      Low registration

-       Highly stimulating Visuals

-       Tactile and textured surfaces

·      Sensation Avoidance

-       Soft and Dim Lighting

-       Gentle and Consistent Sounds

Animal Asssisted Approaches

In the article by Hoagwood et al. (2017) they mention the word 'biophilia'; what does this mean?

·      Biophilia refers to humans innate tendency to seek connections with nature. It suggests that exposure to natural environments can positively impact mental health and well-being. In architecture and design, biophilic principles aim to incorporate elements of nature into built environments for improved psychological outcomes 

Does this article conclude that Animal Assisted Interventions are regarded as an evidence-based practice?

·      Animal Assisted Interventions show promise in various fields including mental health, but their status as evidence-based practice depends on the quality and quantity of research supporting their efficacy. While some studies suggest positive effects, more rigorous research in needed to establish AAIs as evidence-based practices across different settings and populations. 

Which mental health conditions have the strongest evidence for the application of Animal Assisted Interventions?

·      Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, Depression, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) 

Week 4 Youth Mental Health:

Why is there a reluctance to diagnose individuals who present with symptoms of a mental health condition?

·      Stigma, Self-stigma, Fear of Labelling, Cultural and Societal Beliefs, Access to Treatment and Support, Denial Avoidance

What does FEP stand for?

·        FEP stands for 'First Episode Psychosis'. Refers to the first time someone experiences symptoms that indicate the onset of a psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. these symptoms may include: hallucinations, delusions, disorganised thinking, and disruptions in perception and behaviour 

What is 'the missing middle' referred to in this chapter?

·       it refers to the gap between primary care (e.g. GP's, family doctors) and specialty mental health services (e.g., psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric hospitals) 

Identify some of the risks of harm during treatment attempt

·      Worsening Symptoms, Side Effects of Medication, Treatment Non-Response or Resistance, Dependency on Treatment, Stigma and Social Consequences Financial Burden, Negative Interactions with Providers 

Acute Care Setting

What information about the acute care setting would you like to explore in more detail? Write this here and bring these questions to the online workshop.

·      Patient Flow and Triage Process: How is patient flow managed within the acute care setting, especially during high-volume periods or emergencies? What are the key components of the triage process, and how are patients prioritized based on their medical needs?

·      Interdisciplinary Collaboration: How do different healthcare professionals collaborate within the acute care setting to provide comprehensive patient care? What strategies or tools are utilized to facilitate effective communication and teamwork among interdisciplinary teams?

·      Emergency Response and Preparedness: What protocols are in place for managing medical emergencies within the acute care setting? How are healthcare professionals trained to respond to critical situations, and what resources are available to support emergency response efforts.

Anxiety Disorders

List the different anxiety disorders and compare two with each other, focusing on how they impact participation in meaningful occupations

·      Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD): 

-       Causes excessive worry across various life domains 

-       impairs concentration, decision-making, and task completion 

-       leads to avoidance behaviours and social withdrawal 

·      Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): 

-       Triggers intense in social of performance situations 

-       Limits social interactions, networking, and career opportunities 

-       Hinders professional growth and interpersonal relationships 

·      Both GAD and SAD result in avoidance behaviours, but in different contexts: generalised worry for GAD and fear of social situations for SAD. Treatment typically involves therapy, medication, and lifestyle adjustments to manage symptoms and improve occupational functioning 

What are some of the approaches occupational therapists can use in working with people with anxiety disorders?

·      Activity Analysis and Modification: Assess and adjust daily activities to reduce stress 

·      Cognitive-Behavioural Strategies: teach coping skills, relaxation techniques, and mindfulness practices

·      Exposure Therapy: Gradually confront and overcome anxiety triggers in a supportive environment 

·      Sensory Integration: Help regulate sensory input to promote calmness 

·      Social Skills Training: Improve communication and interpersonal relationships 

·      Occupational Engagement: Encourage meaningful activities for distraction and fulfillment 

·      Collaborative Goal-Setting: Working with individuals to set personalised goals and develop coping plans 

How do Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders differ from anxiety disorders?

·      Obsessions and Compulsions: OCD involves intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions) to alleviate anxiety, while anxiety disorders primarily involve excessive worry and fear without compulsive behaviours

·      Focus of Symptoms: In anxiety disorders, the focus is on specific triggers or situations, whereas in OCD, the focus is on the obsessions themselves and the need to perform compulsions 

·      Severity  and Response to Treatment: OCD tends to cause more severe distress and often required specialised treatment like exposure and response prevention (ERP), while anxiety disorders may respond will to various therapies and medications 

What are some of the gender differences evident between females and males with anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders? What were some possible explanations for these differences proposed by the World Health Organisation?

·      Gender differences in anxiety disorders and OCD have a higher prevalence rate among females, difference in symptom presentation, and variations in help-seeking behaviours. the WHO suggests biological, psychological, and life experience factors contribute to these differences. hormonal variations gender roles, socialisation patterns, cultural expectations and different stressors

Eating Disorders:

Define Anorexia Nervosa

·      anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by fear of weight gain and distorted body image, leading to restricted food intake and significant weight loss, Subtypes are: 

-        Restricting type: Involved food restriction without binge eating or purging 

-        Binge-Eating/Purging Type: Involves binge eating followed by purging behaviours 

Define Bulimia Nervosa

·      Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder marked by recurrent binge eating episodes followed by compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain, such as vomiting or excessive exercise 

Define Binge Eating Disorder

·      Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder marked by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a short period, accompanied by a sense of loss of control. Unlike bulimia nervosa, individuals with BED do not engage in compensatory behaviours after eating episodes 

What are some of the pre-disposing factors for developing an eating disorder?

·      Genetics and Biology, Psychological Factors, Environmental Influences, Dieting and Wight-Control Behaviours, Childhood Experiences, Personality Traits, Co-occurring Mental Health Conditions. These factors contribute to disorders eating patterns and body image concerns, highlighting the importance of early intervention and comprehensive treatment approaches

What are some of the perpetuating factors for developing an eating disorder?

1.     cognitive patterns, emotional regulation, interpersonal relationships, body dissatisfaction, Reinforcement of Behaviours, Physcial Consequences, environmental Triggers, Avoidance of Emotions

What are some of the protective factors for developing an eating disorder?

·      Positive Self-Esteem, Supportive Relationships, Healthy Coping Mechanisms, Body Positivity, Nutritional Education, Cultural and Media Literacy, Emotional Intelligence, Physical Activity for Enjoyment, Access to Mental Health Resources, Resilience and Adaptability 

Substance Use and Co-Occurring disorders:

List the four areas that DSM-5 identifies as part of a substance use disorder.

·      Impaired Control: Lack of control over substance use

·      Social Impairment: Problems in social, occupational or recreational activities

·      Risky Use: using substance in hazardous situations

·      Pharmacological Criteria: Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms 

What is the difference between a substance use disorder and a co-occurring disorder?

·      Substance Use Disorder (SUD): Involves recurrent problematic use of alcohol or drugs despite adverse consequences 

·      Co-occuring Disorder: Refers to the Prescence of a substance use disorder alongside another mental health condition in the same individual 

List three different treatment approaches used with people with substance use disorders.

·       Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT): focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviours related to substance use 

·       Motivational Interviewing (MI): Helps individuals increase motivation to change their substance use behaviours by exploring ambivalence and enhancing intrinsic motivation

·       Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): combined medications with behavioural therapy to manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and prevent relapse in individuals with opioid or alcohol use disorders 

Activities of Daily Living:

1. Review the differentiation between ADLs and IADLs and provide some examples. ​​​​​​​

·      ADLs: essential self-care tasks like bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, and transferring 

·      IADL's: more complex tasks for independents living, such as meal preparation, managing finances, medication management, transportation, and household managements 

2. ​​​​​​​How could you differentiate between supporting ADLs/IADLs and supporting Lifestyle changes?

·       Supporting ADLs/IADLs: Involves assisting individuals with daily tasks for independent living, focusing on maintaining or enhancing functional abilities through hands-on assistance or adaptive strategies.

·       Supporting Lifestyle Changes: Involves promoting healthier behaviours and habits to achieve specific health goals, such as improving diet, increasing physical activity, and managing stress, through education, counselling, and ongoing support for sustained behaviour change

Review the different types of ADL and IADL assessments and note what they include

·       Katz Index of Independence in ADL: Bathing, Dressing, Toileting, Transferring,

·       Continence, Feeding. Barthel Index: Feeding, Bathing, Grooming, Dressing, Bowel and bladder control, Toilet use, Transferring, Mobility.

·       Lawton IADL Scale: Telephone use, Shopping, Food preparation, Housekeeping, Laundry, Transportation, Medication management, Finances.

·       Functional Independence Measure (FIM): Self-care, Sphincter control, Mobility, Communication, Social cognition.

·       Occupational Self-Assessment (OSA): Self-reported assessment of ADLs/IADLs abilities and difficulties.

Consider how mental illnesses impact a person’s capacity to perform IADLs

·      Cognitive Challenges: Mental illnesses can disrupt cognitive functions like memory, attention, and problem-solving, making tasks like planning, organization, and following instructions difficult.

·      Executive Functioning Issues: Individuals may struggle with tasks requiring prioritization, time management, and goal setting, affecting activities such as scheduling appointments and managing finances.

·      Motivation and Energy: Mental illnesses can reduce motivation and energy levels, hindering engagement in household chores, cooking, and hobbies.

·      Social Withdrawal: Some mental illnesses lead to social withdrawal, limiting interactions necessary for activities like using the telephone or arranging transportation.

·      Emotional Regulation: Mood swings, irritability, and anxiety can interfere with focus, concentration, and completing tasks accurately and efficiently

Week 5: Adulthood

Mood disorders:

What are the three different mood disorder diagnoses and how do they present?

·      Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite/sleep, fatigue, worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts for at least two weeks. 

-       Bipolar Disorder: Alternating depressive episodes (sadness, changes in appetite/sleep, fatigue) with manic/hypomanic episodes (elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity) in varying intensities. 

-       Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Chronic depressed mood lasting at least two years (adults) or one year (children/adolescents), featuring symptoms similar to MDD but less severe 

What are three ways that depression can be specified?

·      Severity: Ranges from mild to severe based on symptom intensity and functional impairment 

·      Course: Episodic (distinct episodes with remission), recurrent (multiple episodes with remission), or chronic (persistent). 

·      Psychotic Features: Presence or absence of delusions or hallucinations alongside depressive symptoms 

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and what is its role?

·      the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a stress response system in the body. It starts with the hypothalamus, which releases CRH, stimulating the pituitary gland to release ACTH. ACTH then prompts the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a stress hormone Cortisol helps the body function. However, chronic activation of the HPA axis can have negative effects on health, contributing to conditions like anxiety and depression 

The Lived Experience story explained that he required a three-pronged approach to learn to live with and manage bi-polar disorder, what were these three components?

·      Medication Management: Finding the ight medications to stabilise mood swings 

·      Therapy and Counselling: Learning coping skills, stress management, and identifying mood changes

·      Lifestyle Changes and Self-Care: adopting healthy habits like exercise, diet, sleep, and stress management