Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System Overview

The female reproductive system is more complex than the male system, serving multiple functions including gamete production, embryonic support, childbirth, and lactation. It is regulated by a cyclic hormonal process.

Ovaries

Ovaries produce eggs (ova) and sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone. Each egg develops in a follicle which has layers of cells (granulosa and theca).

Uterine Tubes and Uterus

Uterine tubes transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus, where fertilization occurs. The muscular uterus expands during pregnancy and comprises three layers: perimetrium, myometrium (for labor contractions), and endometrium (which undergoes cyclic changes).

Vagina and External Genitalia

The vagina serves multiple functions including childbirth and menstrual discharge. It has a low pH to inhibit pathogens. The external genitalia, or vulva, includes the clitoris and associated structures, enhancing sexual stimulation.

Hormonal Changes from Puberty to Menopause

Puberty in females begins around ages 9-10, driven by rising GnRH and pituitary hormones (LH and FSH). Menarche, the first menstrual period, is influenced by body fat. Hormones induce secondary sexual characteristics, including breast development and menstrual cycles.

Oogenesis and Folliculogenesis

Oogenesis involves meiosis producing one egg per month, with significant stages of follicle development leading to ovulation. Ovarian cycles last 20-45 days, usually averaging 28 days, consisting of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.

Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes four phases: proliferative, secretory, premenstrual, and menstrual. It involves endometrial buildup and shedding, averaging five days.

Menopause

Typically occurring between ages 45-55, menopause marks the end of menstruation as ovarian hormone production declines, leading to various physiological changes.