Untitled Flashcards Set

Lifespan Development – Spring 2025 - Midterm Review

How did the Industrial Revolution and the advent of formal education affect the lives of children and adolescents?

• The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in child labor, often in poor and unsafe working conditions.

• Overworked children faced high risks of accidents and poor health.

• Society realized that children needed to be educated to run future industries, leading to the invention of formal education.

• The concepts of "school-age children" and "adolescence" were products of this revolution.

• The invention of school created childhood and adolescence as distinct developmental stages.

Define:

• Chronological Age: The actual age of a person based on the calendar.

• Biological Age: The age determined by how healthy a person’s body is, including cell function and physical condition.

• Functional Age: A person’s ability to perform daily activities; higher functionality is associated with lower biological and functional age.

• Psychosocial Age: The ability to adapt to new life circumstances, influencing how old one feels and perceives oneself.

• Social Age: The societal expectations for a person’s behavior at a given age.

What are the four stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, and define the following concepts?

1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth – 2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and movement.

2. Preoperational Stage (2 – 7 years): Children develop symbolic thinking but struggle with logic and perspective-taking.

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 – 11 years): Children gain logical thinking but struggle with abstract concepts.

4. Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): Adolescents develop abstract, hypothetical, and logical reasoning.

Key Concepts:

• Adolescent Egocentrism: The heightened self-focus during adolescence.

• The Imaginary Audience: The belief that others are constantly watching and judging them.

• The Personal Fable: The belief in one's uniqueness and invulnerability.

• Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning: The ability to think scientifically and form hypotheses.

• Metacognition: Awareness and regulation of one’s thought processes.

• Metalinguistics: Understanding language beyond its literal meaning.

• “Operational” Thinking: The ability to use logic and manipulate ideas mentally.

• “Formal Operational” Thinking: The ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and understand hypothetical scenarios.

• Multiple Perspective-Taking: The ability to consider different viewpoints.

What are “rites of passage”?

• Rites of passage are ceremonies or rituals marking important transitions in a person’s life, such as birth, puberty, marriage, and death.

According to van Gennep, what are the three types of rites of passage, and give an example of a form of ritual that would fall within each type.

1. Separation: Detaching from an earlier status (e.g., leaving home for college).

2. Transition (Liminal Phase): The individual is in between states (e.g., boot camp for soldiers).

3. Incorporation: The person assumes a new role (e.g., wedding ceremony).

According to Robert Sternberg, what are the seven different types of love?

1. Liking (Intimacy only)

2. Infatuation (Passion only)

3. Empty Love (Commitment only)

4. Romantic Love (Intimacy + Passion)

5. Companionate Love (Intimacy + Commitment)

6. Fatuous Love (Passion + Commitment)

7. Consummate Love (Intimacy + Passion + Commitment)

According to Robert Sternberg, what are the three fundamental qualities of love, and how do they correspond with the seven types of love?

1. Intimacy – Emotional closeness and bonding.

2. Passion – Physical attraction and romantic feelings.

3. Commitment – The decision to maintain a relationship.

Each type of love is a combination of these three qualities.

What are the eight stages in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial model of ego identity development?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)

8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)

In Erikson’s 5th Stage, what are the four categories of identity status?

1. Identity Achievement – Commitment after exploration.

2. Identity Moratorium – Exploration without commitment.

3. Identity Foreclosure – Commitment without exploration.

4. Identity Diffusion – No commitment or exploration.

What is…

• Identity Crisis: A period of uncertainty in which a person questions their sense of self.

• Secondary Mistrust: Difficulty trusting others due to past experiences.

• Mutual Regulation: The ability to adapt to social interactions.

• Distantiation: The process of emotionally distancing oneself from others.

What are the four different types of child abuse, and which type is the most common?

1. Physical Abuse

2. Sexual Abuse

3. Emotional/Psychological Abuse

4. Neglect (Most common)

List four risk factors for abusive parenting.

1. Parental stress and lack of coping skills.

2. A history of being abused as a child.

3. Substance abuse.

4. Economic hardship.

List three reasons why special needs children are more vulnerable to abuse than other kids.

1. They may have communication difficulties, making it harder to report abuse.

2. They may be more dependent on caregivers.

3. They may not be believed or understood when reporting abuse.

What are the core symptoms of “Oppositional Defiant Disorder”?

• Frequent anger and irritability.

• Argumentative and defiant behavior toward authority figures.

• Deliberate attempts to annoy others.

• Blaming others for mistakes.

What are the core symptoms of “Conduct Disorder”?

• Aggressive behavior toward people or animals.

• Destruction of property.

• Deceitfulness, lying, or stealing.

• Serious violations of rules and laws.

What is relational aggression?

• A form of indirect aggression where individuals harm others’ social relationships (e.g., gossiping, exclusion, manipulation).

Define and explain the difference between Terry Moffitt’s two patterns of juvenile delinquency and how they are relevant to Conduct Disorder.

1. Adolescence-Limited Offenders: Engage in delinquent behavior temporarily during adolescence but do not persist into adulthood.

2. Life-Course-Persistent Offenders: Display early-onset delinquency that continues into adulthood, often associated with Conduct Disorder.