CIVICS LITERACY EXAM MODULE 2

-Dred Scott v Sandford

    -when his owner died, scott sued the widow claiming he was no longer a slave because he     had become free in a free state

    -dred scott, a slave, was not a citizen of the state so they had no jurisdiction in the matter,     but the majority opinion also states that was not a free man

    -declared the missouri compromise of 1820 (had declared free all territories west of     missouri and north of a specific latitude)

    -congress lacked power to ban slavery, and scott was not declared a citizen

-Plessy v Ferguson (14th amendment) (13)

    -louisiana called the separate car act declaring that all rail companies carrying passengers     in louisiana must provide separate but equal accommodations for white and non white     passengers

    -plessy was arrested for violating the separate car act and argued that the act violated the     13th and 14th amendments to the constitution

    -plessy took his case to the supreme court where the court upheld the constitutionality of     the separate car act, establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine that justified racial     segregation.

-brown v board of education (13 and 14)

    -each day linda brown and her sister had to walk through a dangerous railroad switchyard     to get to the bus stop for the ride to their all black elementary school

    -they believed that it violated the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the     law, leading them to seek a legal remedy that would challenge segregation in public     schools.

-regents of the U. of California v Bakke (14th amendment) (13)

    -allan bakke was a white male who applied who was rejected from medical school while     other minorities with lower gpas and test scores

    -bakke filed suit alleging that this admissions system violated the equal protection clause     and excluded him on race

-bush v gore (14th amendment)

    -2000 election was extremely close

    -the use of different standards of counting the ballots in different counties was a violation of     the equal protection clause (florida)

-citizens united v federal election commission (1)

    -the court held that the free speech clause of the first amendment prohibits the restriction of     independent expenditures for communications by corporations

    -citizens united sought to air a critical film of hillary clinton and to advertise before 2009     election. Federal law prohibited this type of broadcast within 30 days of a primary election

-engel v vitale (first amendment)

    -in the new york school system the school began with a nondenominational prayer     acknowledging dependence upon god

    -violation of the first amendment

-west virginia state board of education v barnette (1)

    -west virginia public schools required all teachers and pupils to participate in the salute     honoring the nation represented by the flag

    -refusal resulted in expulsion

-texas vs johnson (symbolic expression 1)

    -in a political demonstration during the republican national convention in texas, protesting     the policies of the reagan administration.

    -doused an american flag with kerosene and set it on fire, a symbolic act that sparked a     legal battle over freedom of speech and expression under the First Amendment.

-tinker v des moines (first amendment)

    -john and mary beth tinker of des moines, iowa wore black armbands to their public school     as a symbol of protest against american involvement in the vietnam war

    -the supreme court decided that the tinkers had the right to wear the armbands stating that     no one expects students to “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or     expression at the school house gate

-hazelwood v kuhlmeier (first amendment)

    -principal saw sensitive content in a student newspaper and pulled it out

    -students thought it was a violation of the first amendment

    -for high school there was a legitimate pedagogical concern and their speech is limited

-D.C. vs Heller (second)

    -landmark case in which the supreme court held that the second amendment protects the     individuals right to have a firearm.

    -district of columbia’s handgun ban and requirement that lawfully owned rifles and shotguns     be kept “unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock violated that guarantee

-mapp v ohio (fourth amendment)

    -dollree mapp had her house searched without a warrant

    -although she was found guilty, the evidence was thrown away and she was declared     innocent because there was no warrant

-new jersey v T.L.O (4th)

    -initials=minor

    -suspected of smoking at school

    -he found other smoking materials and searched her backpack without a warrant

    -in a school setting, it did not violate the constitution as school officials have a responsibility     to maintain a safe environment and enforce rules aimed at preventing illegal activities.

-miranda v arizona (5th) (6)

    -ernesto miranda was arrested after a crime victim identified him

    -they did not inform him of the fifth amendment

    -while he confessed of the crime, it was excluded from the trial because he was not used to     his right to counsel or informed that he could remain silent.

-gideon v wainwright (6)

    -gideon was arrested but could not afford a lawyer

    -argued that the sixth amendment entitles everyone to a lawyer regardless of their financial     situation, ensuring the right to legal representation is fundamental to a fair trial.

-roe v wade

    -jane roe was an unmarried and pregnant texas resident

    -texas law made it illegal to have an abortion unless it was medical necessary

    -claimed that it violated the guarantee of personal liberty and the right to privacy implicity     guaranteed in the first fourth fifth ninth and 14 amendments

-korematsu v US

    -after pearl harbor was bombed the military feared a japanese attack on the us mainland     and the american government

    -korematsu lied about his nationality to protect himself from relocation

    -court agreed with government and stated that the need to protect the country was a bigger     priority than the individual rights of japanese

-marbury v madison

    -at the end of president john adams term, his secretary of state failed to delivery documents     commissioning william marbury as justice of the peace in DC

    -marbury v madison decision resulted in establishment of the concept of judicial review, the     ability of federal courts to declare legislative and executive actions unconstitutional

-gibbons v ogden

    -the gov of new york granted a steamboat company a monopoly to operate its boats on the     states waters, which included bodies of water that stretched between states

    -gibbons competed with ogden for the right to operate on these interstate waters, leading to     a landmark Supreme Court case that ultimately confirmed federal supremacy over     interstate commerce.

-mcculloch v maryland

    -maryland imposed a tax on the national bank of the united states by passing a law that     forced all banks that were created outside of the state to pay a yearly tax

    -mcculloch refused to pay the tax at the federal bank even though they have the power to     tax any business in its state and that the constitution does not give power to create a bank

    -supreme court determined that congress that congress has implied powers - broad to     implement the enumerated powers of the constitution - that allow it to create a national     bank and that states cannot tax the federal government, as it would interfere with the     execution of federal laws.

-US v Nixon

    -nixon was involved in a scandal that led to the discovery of recordings made in the Oval     Office, which ultimately prompted questions regarding executive privilege and     accountability.

    -court decided that executive privilege is not limitless, and the tapes were released