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Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy - United States

Protecting National Security:

Protecting our country against national security threats from foreign nations or other threatening groups.
This includes our involvement in collective security agreements.

Preserving World Peace:

Mediating Disputes between other countries - this keeps us safe as well, and can be seen as part of protecting national security.

Promoting Economic Prosperity:

Trade agreements with other countries
Joining international trade organizations
Trying to gain strong economic footing for the US and our allies in trade talks
This can reach environmental considerations as well

Humanitarian Ideals:

Foreign Aid ()
Promoting democracy ( and/or troops)
Environmental regulation

Types of Power in Foreign Policy

Soft Power: Persuasion

Example 1: Diplomacy – conducting negotiations, how we interact with other countries, honoring their traditions, Ambassadors, etc.

Example 2: Summits – Meetings of Heads of State – different from Diplomacy. These are formal talks between countries.

Example 3: Treaties & Accords – Peaceful Agreements – some signed during times of peace, sometimes to end conflicts. Agreed to by both sides. (Paris Climate Accord, etc.)

Example 4: Trade Relations – Cross-Border Commerce – this can be used to entice countries to be allies, or for economic benefit.

Example 5: Foreign Aid – Help for less wealthy countries. Often used to advance humanitarian goals, but also for military goals

Example 6: Cultural Exchanges – Contact of people – foreign tours, study abroad, performing artists, etc. More informal, but done between countries who get along to promote deeper understanding.

Hard Power: Coercion

Example 1: Intelligence Gathering – Assessing threats. “Keeping tabs” on enemies. CIA, Homeland Security.

Example 2: Covert Action – Secret tactics to influence events. Capturing and eliminating threats. Rescue attempts. Propaganda.

Example 3: Boycotts and Sanctions – Economic Pressure through tariffs, trade barriers, boycotts, etc. This is ultimately what pushed Japan into WWII.

Example 4: Military Alliances – Collective Security agreements. NATO, etc.

Example 5: Armed Forces – Last Resort – usually not used until every other option has been exhausted. Diplomacy is a better route. Often used to carry out other tools.

World Views & Foreign Policy

Isolationism: Withdrawing from the world (we need to take care of ourselves first). Dangerous in a globally connected economy.

When was it used: Post WWI.

Containment: Controlling aggressive nations.

When was it used: Post WWII. Cold War – stopped spread of communism. Drew us into Korea and Vietnam.

Disengagement: Avoid military involvement.

When was it used: Post-Vietnam. Not against foreign aid, just no unnecessary wars.

Human Rights: US Power to protect others. Attempts to stop human rights violation.

When was it used: Kosovo. Somalia.

Anti-Terrorism: Protecting the homeland. Seek out and destroy terrorists and those who help them.

When was it used: Post 9/11 worldview. Lead to creation of Patriot Act.

Extra-Governmental Organizations

IGO - Intergovernmental Organizations. Organizations that have multiple nations as members.

Example: United Nations

Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Declaration by the United Nations, lists out rights that every person should have.

NGO - Nongovernmental Organizations. Most are non-profit, less political, focus on least developed countries.

Example: Red Cross

Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy - United States

Protecting National Security:

Protecting our country against national security threats from foreign nations or other threatening groups.
This includes our involvement in collective security agreements.

Preserving World Peace:

Mediating Disputes between other countries - this keeps us safe as well, and can be seen as part of protecting national security.

Promoting Economic Prosperity:

Trade agreements with other countries
Joining international trade organizations
Trying to gain strong economic footing for the US and our allies in trade talks
This can reach environmental considerations as well

Humanitarian Ideals:

Foreign Aid ()
Promoting democracy ( and/or troops)
Environmental regulation

Types of Power in Foreign Policy

Soft Power: Persuasion

Example 1: Diplomacy – conducting negotiations, how we interact with other countries, honoring their traditions, Ambassadors, etc.

Example 2: Summits – Meetings of Heads of State – different from Diplomacy. These are formal talks between countries.

Example 3: Treaties & Accords – Peaceful Agreements – some signed during times of peace, sometimes to end conflicts. Agreed to by both sides. (Paris Climate Accord, etc.)

Example 4: Trade Relations – Cross-Border Commerce – this can be used to entice countries to be allies, or for economic benefit.

Example 5: Foreign Aid – Help for less wealthy countries. Often used to advance humanitarian goals, but also for military goals

Example 6: Cultural Exchanges – Contact of people – foreign tours, study abroad, performing artists, etc. More informal, but done between countries who get along to promote deeper understanding.

Hard Power: Coercion

Example 1: Intelligence Gathering – Assessing threats. “Keeping tabs” on enemies. CIA, Homeland Security.

Example 2: Covert Action – Secret tactics to influence events. Capturing and eliminating threats. Rescue attempts. Propaganda.

Example 3: Boycotts and Sanctions – Economic Pressure through tariffs, trade barriers, boycotts, etc. This is ultimately what pushed Japan into WWII.

Example 4: Military Alliances – Collective Security agreements. NATO, etc.

Example 5: Armed Forces – Last Resort – usually not used until every other option has been exhausted. Diplomacy is a better route. Often used to carry out other tools.

World Views & Foreign Policy

Isolationism: Withdrawing from the world (we need to take care of ourselves first). Dangerous in a globally connected economy.

When was it used: Post WWI.

Containment: Controlling aggressive nations.

When was it used: Post WWII. Cold War – stopped spread of communism. Drew us into Korea and Vietnam.

Disengagement: Avoid military involvement.

When was it used: Post-Vietnam. Not against foreign aid, just no unnecessary wars.

Human Rights: US Power to protect others. Attempts to stop human rights violation.

When was it used: Kosovo. Somalia.

Anti-Terrorism: Protecting the homeland. Seek out and destroy terrorists and those who help them.

When was it used: Post 9/11 worldview. Lead to creation of Patriot Act.

Extra-Governmental Organizations

IGO - Intergovernmental Organizations. Organizations that have multiple nations as members.

Example: United Nations

Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Declaration by the United Nations, lists out rights that every person should have.

NGO - Nongovernmental Organizations. Most are non-profit, less political, focus on least developed countries.

Example: Red Cross

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Foreign Policy

<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;">Foreign Policy - United States</b>

Types of Power in Foreign Policy

<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;">World Views & Foreign Policy</b>

<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;">Extra-Governmental Organizations</b>

Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy

<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;">Foreign Policy - United States</b>

Types of Power in Foreign Policy

<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;">World Views & Foreign Policy</b>

<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;">Extra-Governmental Organizations</b>