international

⚖ Jus ad Bellum (Justice of Going to War)

Legitimate authority principle
War must be declared and conducted by a recognized, lawful authority (typically a sovereign state or legitimate government), not by individuals or unauthorized groups.

Last resort principle
War should only be used after all non-violent options (diplomacy, negotiation, sanctions) have been exhausted.

⚔ Jus in Bello (Justice in War)

Principle of discrimination
Combatants must distinguish between military targets and civilians, only targeting legitimate military objectives and minimizing harm to noncombatants.

Mala in se principle
Certain actions in war are inherently evil (wrong in themselves)—like genocide, torture, or rape—and are never justified, regardless of circumstances.

👩 Gender & Security Concepts

Feminine subordination
A system where femininity is associated with dependence, obedience, and lower status, often appearing voluntary but reinforcing inequality.

Protective masculinity
A form of masculinity where men are seen as protectors (strong, self-sacrificing) and women/others as needing protection—this creates power hierarchies and dependence.

Feminization
A political process of assigning feminine traits (weakness, inferiority) to a group or person, often to justify domination or devaluation.

Victim essentialism
The idea that victims must fit a specific “ideal” image (e.g., passive, innocent)—those who don’t fit this image are often ignored or not believed.

Genocidal rape
The use of rape as a deliberate weapon to destroy an ethnic or national group, targeting identity, reproduction, and social cohesion.

🏛 State & Security

A security state
A state that prioritizes security over civil liberties, using surveillance, detention, and repression, often justified as protecting the population.

⚡ Energy Security

Autarky (in energy security)
A strategy where a state seeks self-sufficiency in energy, minimizing dependence on foreign sources to avoid vulnerability.

🌍 Trade & Global Networks

Panopticon effect of trade networks
When powerful states control key nodes (like financial systems), they can monitor global transactions and information flows, giving them surveillance power over others.