TTSusan7-Noon Sakinah and Tanween Lecture Rules

Definition and Characteristics of Noon Sakinah

Fundamental Definition: Noon Sakinah is a Noon ( $\text{ن}$ ) with a Sukun. This means it is a letter free from the three primary vowels (Harakat): there is no Fatha, no Kasra, and no Dhamma.
Appearance and Signs:
- It may appear with no Harakat sign on top of the letter Noon.
- It may appear with a Sukun sign on top, which is historically represented as the "head of the heart" (or the head of the letter Ha, $\text{ح}$ ).
Nature of Pronunciation:
- The letter is sustained in both continuous recitation and during a stop (Waqf).
- It must be pronounced in both writing (script) and pronunciation (speech).
- Skipping the pronunciation of a Noon Sakinah is considered a "Lahn" (recitation error), as it results in missing a letter of the word.
Occurrences and Position:
- It occurs in nouns ( $\text{Ism}$ ), verbs ( $\text{Fi'l}$ ), and prepositions ( $\text{Harf}$ ).
- It can be located in the middle or at the end of a word.
- Constraint: It never occurs at the beginning of a word because Arabic words cannot start with a Sakin (stationary) letter. If a word were to start with a Sakin letter, it would be unpronounceable without a preceding vowel or supporting Harakat.
Structural Origins:
- Original ( $\text{Asli}$ ): The Noon can be an essential part of the word's origin. Example: $\text{عَنْ}$ (An). The origin of this word is the root containing Noon.
- Extra ( $\text{Za'idah}$ ): The Noon can be an added letter. Example: $\text{انْفَلَقَ}$ (Infalaqa). The origin of the word is $\text{فَلَقَ}$ (Falaqa), making this Noon an extra letter.

Definition and Characteristics of Tanween

Fundamental Definition: Tanween is essentially a Noon Sakinah, but it is an extra Noon added specifically to the end of a word.
Symbolic Representation: In the Quranic script, it is represented by double vowels: two Fatha ( $\text{ً }$ ), two Kasra ( $\text{ٍ }$ ), or two Dhamma ( $\text{ٌ }$ ).
Rules of Existence:
- It is pronounced as a Noon but is NOT written as a literal Noon letter in the Quran.
- It is only present if the reader continues the recitation (Wasl). If a reader stops on the word, the Tanween pronunciation generally disappears or changes.
Occurrences and Position:
- It occurs exclusively at the end of words; it never appears at the beginning or in the middle.
- General Rule: It occurs in nouns only.
Exceptions to the Noun Rule:
- Two Verbs: There are two specific instances in the Quran where Tanween is connected to a verb. These are actually a "light Noon of emphasis" ( $\text{Noon at-Tawkeed al-Khafeefah}$ ) that has taken the look and rule of Tanween:
  1. Lanasfa'an bin-nasiyah in Surat Al-Alaq.
  2. Walyakun-an in Surat Yusuf.
- Preposition: The word Idhan ( $\text{إِذَنْ}$ ) is the only prepositional context associated with this rule.
- Literal Script Exception: The word Ka-ayyin ( $\text{كَأَيِّنْ}$ ). This is the only word in the Quran where the Tanween sound was written as a literal letter Noon ( $\text{ن}$ ). This transcription dates back to the time of the Sahaba and is how it has been received.

Appearance of Noon Sakinah and Tanween in the Quran

Noon Sakinah Shapes:
- Noon with no sign on top.
- Noon with the "head of the heart" (Sukun symbol).
- Noon with a small letter Meem ( $\text{م}$ ) on top, which indicates the rule of Iqlab.
Tanween Shapes:
- Overlapped / Stacked (Metaracubitaine): The two vowel signs (Fatha or Kasra) are directly on top of each other and perfectly parallel. For Dhamma, they are overlapping.
- Sequential (Mutatabetaine): The two vowel signs are offset or follow one another; they are not aligned.
- Iqlab Tanween: One vowel (Fatha, Kasra, or Dhamma) appearing with a small letter Meem ( $\text{م}$ ) next to it.

Rules for Stopping (Waqf) on Tanween

When stopping on a word ending in Tanween, the pronunciation changes based on the type of vowel. There are four primary rules:

Tanween Fatha: If the Tanween is a Fatha ( $\text{ً }$ ), the reader stops by compensating for the Tanween by pronouncing a long Alif. This is called Med Aywad (Compensatory Madd).
- Duration: $2$ beats (Natural Madd length).
- Example: Baseeran ( $\text{بَصِيرًا}$ ) becomes Baseera ( $\text{بَصِيرَا}$ ).
Tanween Kasra or Dhamma: If the Tanween is a Kasra ( $\text{ٍ }$ ) or Dhamma ( $\text{ٌ }$ ), the reader stops by canceling or omitting the Tanween entirely. This process is called Hasf (omission).
- Example: Ghafoorun ( $\text{غَفُورٌ}$ ) becomes Ghafoor ( $\text{غَفُورْ}$ ).
Tanween on Ta Marbuta ( $ة$ ): In the case of a Ta Marbuta containing Tanween (Fatha, Kasra, or Dhamma), the reader must first omit (Hasf) the Tanween and then substitute (Ibdal) the Ta Marbuta ( $ة$ ) with a Ha Sakinah ( $ه$ ).
- Example: Qaimatan ( $\text{قَائِمَةً}$ ) becomes Qaimah ( $\text{قَائِمَهْ}$ ).
Ta Marbuta Without Tanween: If the Ta Marbuta has only a single vowel (Fatha, Kasra, or Dhamma) and no Tanween, the rule is only substitution (Ibdal) to the letter Ha ( $ه$ ) because there is no Tanween to omit.

Comparison: Noon Sakinah vs. Tanween

Placement:
- Noon Sakinah: Middle or end of a word.
- Tanween: End of the word only.
Parts of Speech:
- Noon Sakinah: Nouns, verbs, and prepositions.
- Tanween: Nouns only (with the specific exceptions mentioned previously).
Consistency (Continuous vs. Stopping):
- Noon Sakinah: Constant in both continuous recitation and stopping.
- Tanween: Present only in continuous recitation; changes or disappears when stopping.
Writing vs. Pronunciation:
- Noon Sakinah: Constant in both writing (as a $ن$ ) and pronunciation.
- Tanween: Only in pronunciation; written as symbols (\text{ً \n ٍ \n ٌ }), not as a letter Noon.
Origin:
- Noon Sakinah: Can be original ( $\text{Asli}$ ) or extra ( $\text{Za'idah}$ ).
- Tanween: Always extra ( $\text{Za'idah}$ ).

Introduction to Tajweed Rules for Noon Sakinah

There are four major rules of Tajweed applied to Noon Sakinah and Tanween. These rules depend on the letter that follows in the subsequent word:

Izhaar (Throat Clarity): Contains $6$ letters.
Idgham (Merging).
Iqlab (Conversion).
Ikhfa (Hiding): All remaining letters.

Izhaar Halqi (Throat Clarity)

Linguistic Definition: Something clear or obvious.
Applied/Technical Definition: Pronouncing the Noon Sakinah or Tanween from its exact articulation point without a prolonged nasal sound (Ghunnah).
Note on Ghunnah: All Noon letters have a natural Ghunnah (nasal sound) inherent in their body because the articulation involves both the tongue and the nasal cavity. However, in Izhaar, there is no additional or prolonged Ghunnah. The sound is clear and brief.
The Six Letters of Izhaar:
- $1. \ Hamza \ (\text{ء})$
- $2. \ Ha \ (\text{ه})$
- $3. \ 'Ayn \ (\text{ع})$
- $4. \ Ha \ (\text{ح})$
- $5. \ Ghayn \ (\text{غ})$
- $6. \ Kha \ (\text{خ})$
Structure and Word Count:
- For Noon Sakinah, Izhaar can occur within one word or between two words because the Noon is written within the word body.
- For Tanween, Izhaar can only occur between two words because Tanween only exists at the very end of a word symbol.

Articulation Points and Levels of Izhaar

The throat is divided into three articulation points for these six letters, creating different "levels" of Izhaar based on the distance from the Noon articulation point (the tip of the tongue):

Highest Level of Izhaar (Deepest Throat): Hamza ( $\text{ء}$ ) and Ha ( $\text{ه}$ ).
- Located at the bottom of the throat ( $\text{Aqsal-Halq}$ ).
- This level is the farthest distance from the Noon articulation point (tip of tongue). Therefore, the reader must consciously ensure these letters are clear.
Middle Level of Izhaar: 'Ayn ( $\text{ع}$ ) and Ha ( $\text{ح}$ ).
- Located at the middle of the throat ( $\text{Wasat-Halq}$ ).
Lowest Level of Izhaar (Nearest to Tongue): Ghayn ( $\text{غ}$ ) and Kha ( $\text{خ}$ ).
- Located at the top of the throat ( $\text{Adnal-Halq}$ ).
- These are the nearest throat letters to the Noon Sakinah.

Examples of Izhaar Halqi

Hamza ( $\text{ء}$ ):
- One Word: Yan-awna
- Two Words: Min alfi
- Tanween: Kufwan ahad
'Ayn ( $\text{ع}$ ):
- One Word: An-tamta
- Two Words: Min 'ilmin
- Tanween: Sami'un 'aleem
Instruction for Recitation: When encountering a Noon with a Sukun (Izhaar), give the Noon enough time to be pronounced clearly, but be careful not to make it too long, as that would be a mistake.