d) Wave behaviour

fi) reflection, refraction, polarisation, and diffraction of all waves

reflection = when a wave hits a boundary and bounces back into the original medium

law of reflection → angle of incidence = angle of reflection

frequency, wavelength, and wave speed remain the same

refraction = when a wave passes through a boundary and changes speed and direction

if the wave slows down in the new medium, it refracts towards the normal

if the wave speeds up in the new medium, it refracts away from the normal

frequency remains the same, wavelength and wave speed change

diffraction = when a wave passes through a gap and spreads out

the closer the size of the gap to the size of the wavelength, the further the wave spreads out

frequency, wavelength, and wave speed remain the same

polarisation = when all particles in a wave vibrate in the same plane

frequency, wavelength, and wave speed remain the same