Amsco AP world 6.4-6.5

Vocabulary for Sections 6.4-6.5

Key term/event

Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters)

Subsistence Farming

When people only grow enough food to eat, to live on, didn’t have extras to sell

Cash Crops

Crops that were grown for the value commercially, not only for use for the people that grew them. Crops like tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, coffee. Cash crops replaced regular food crops leading to food prices rising

Export Economies

Colonies that were used to provide raw material so they could become manufactured goods to be shipped elsewhere

De Beers Mining Company

Started by Cecil Rhodes who was sent to South Africa in 1870 to join a brother on a cotton farm due to his health, they joined the diamond rush in 1870 and Rhodes completed a degree at Oxford eventually and got some of De Beers mining claims, eventually forming the De Beers Mining Company. By 1891, this company was responsible for 90% of the world’s diamond production.

Apartheid

Racial segregation. When Cecil Rhodes became prime minister of Cape Colony, he had racist policies leading to apartheid.

Monocultures

Lack of agricultural diversity. In areas where farmers were only allowed to grow cash crops, their land ended up having little agricultural diversity. Cash crops took away from the soil’s fertility. Crop disease and pests were able to spread more easily if there was only one type of crop in an area.

Economic Imperialism

When foreign business interests have a large economic power/influence and take advantage of natural resources outside of their borders. People, raw materials, and refined materials were the resources mainly exploited.

East India Company

Formed in 1600 by the British to become more involved in the spice trade, but it had problems with the Dutch. Cotton and silk from India surpassed the spice import into the East India Company, and this company would eventually come to dominate world textile trade.

Culture System

A system forced onto farmers in the Spice islands by the Dutch East India Company, forcing farmers to either grow cash crops for exporting, or compulsory unpaid work. Villages were forced to either have ⅕ of their rice fields for export crops like sugar, coffee, or indigo, or work in a govt. Field for 66 days if they didn’t own land. No crops=villages responsible

Opium War

Millions of people became addicted to this drug that relieved pain and reduced stress. The East India company forced farmers in India to grow opium, then sell it for silver in China. Profits made by the East India Company were used to buy tea and other various goods. The Chinese govt took the British opium warehouse in Guangzhou, and war started when the British warships destroyed a Chinese blockade that kept ships from Canton, which was the only port China allowed trade with foreigners. The British attacked (Canton) this port and captured Nanking.

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty between China and Britain, that said China had to open four more ports to foreigners and give the island of Hong Kong to Britain, pay damages done, and the Chinese were forced to have free trade with the British

Spheres of Influence

Exclusive trading rights. Japan, France, Germany, Russia, and the US wanted special trade privileges with the Chinese as well, so they forced China to give them these rights in trade known as spheres of influence. Open door policy proposed by the US that said there should be a system of trade in China that would be open to all countries equal to keep the various nations from having more power in China.

Gold Coast

Located in Kenya, cocoa was the major cash crop for this region, largest cocoa producer in world

Banana Republics

Term used to describe small Central American countries that were under the economic power of foreign based corporations. These states were usually unstable, their economy dependent on exporting limited resource products like bananas or minerals.

Ivory Coast

Name that came to be because the French had set up trading posts here for attaining ivory and purchasing enslaved people. Ivory scramble before colony scramble.

6.4 “Global Economic Development”

Objective

Key Developments

Explain how

various

environmental

l factors

contributed

to the

development

of the global

economy

from

1700-1900.

General

1. Why were economies among the most influential of the motives behind imperialism? Explain specifically what certain countries were looking for. GIVE EXAMPLES DO NOT JUST PUT ‘RESOURCES’. Economies were one of the most popular motives for imperialism because countries were looking for resources to fuel their economies for industrialization. Industries wanted raw materials like cotton, copper, and rubber, Europe looked in Asia and Africa, in American ag, they looked to South America for fertilizer. People of these continents were also potential customers for European and American manufactured goods. Colonial people also labored for larger scaled projects like railroad building or telegraph, they were paid low, and their jobs dangerous. Natural resources, new markets, and low wage laborers are some important factors behind imperialism.

Technological Developments

2. Railroads

Describe transportation before the introduction of railroads to colonies. Before railroads, transportation from the inner parts of colonies to coastal ports happened through water or roads, and in most colonies, there were few roads, and if any, they were usually not maintained well and unable to be used during rainy seasons. Water transportation was limited because they needed a water source, so usually only coastal areas and river basins had water transportation.

How did the introduction of railroads impact transportation of raw materials to Europe and markets in colonies? Railroads made transportation of raw materials cheaper, railroads were able to also assist colonial markets for manufactured goods.

How did Europeans use railroads to justify imperialism? Who did railroads actually help the most? Europeans said that they were helping people in Africa and Asia by giving new transportation tech to their colonies, but they actually helped the Europeans the colonizers the most.

Cecil Rhodes

Who was he: Founder of De Beers Diamonds, investor in railroad project

What did he want to build: Railroad that was planned to go from Cape town (Cape Colony South Africa) to Cairo (Egypt)

Why: Connect all British colonies with transportation network making governing easier and help in mobilizing war if needed

Why did it not work: Britain never fully got control of all the land needed to build the railroad. Railroad workers were mainly natives paid low wages, and this railroad tech was a way of getting the max amount of resources while paying laborers the absolute minimum

3. Steamships

Why were steamships limited at first? They were limited because they required a lot of coal to fuel them, and they’d only be able to travel so far.

Why were they important in trade? They were important in trade as they transported people, mail, and goods on rivers that were navigable

What allows them to go larger distances - what major products does this impact? With the development of steam engines, steamships were able to travel over longer distances. People eventually developed compression refrigeration that made perishables like meat and dairy be shipped over oceans.

4. Telegraph

Explain how the telegraph impacted communications. Telegraphs allowed for news to travel instantaneously instead of days, weeks, or months.

Agricultural Products

5. Explain the difference between subsistence farming and cash crops. Give examples of each. Subsistence farming is where people only grew the necessary amount of food they needed to live. For example, a family might only grow what they would eat with maybe a little extra for money. Cash crops are where crops were grown for what they could be sold for, and not for what they would eat. Crops like tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, and coffee were grown for what they could be sold for.

6. As the European middle classes grew, they demanded meat. How did this impact various forms of trade? As European middle classes wanted more meat, cattle ranches in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay made beef, Sheep herders in New Zealand and Australia lamb and mutton, and with new technology, meat was able to be shipped over long distances.

7. What is Guano? Why was it mined? Bat and seabird feces that is rich in phosphates and nitrates, a good fertilizer. It was mined because the climate of Peru and Chile was dry, and there were large amounts of guano before people needed it, so they mined and exported the guano, usually labored by Chinese or Polynesian laborers.

Raw Materials

8. Why did imperial attention focus on tropical climates? Imperial attention focused on tropical climates because they were likely to have raw materials.

9. Explain how the following materials impacted imperialism:

Cotton

Why did Britain ban these textiles from India? Britain banned textiles from India because they competed with the British wool industry.

Where did Britain start to get their cotton from? What event disrupted this? Britain got their cotton from their southern colonies in America. The Civil war in the US blocked confederate ports which supplied cotton.

Who benefited from this disruption? Farmers around the world (Australia, to the West Indies) replaced food production with making cotton to make up for the shortages. Egypt benefited the MOST as they already had a developed variety of cotton and increased their production.

Rubber

Who was Charles Goodyear and what products did he impact? Charles Goodyear is an inventory guy that developed the process called vulcanization that removed the problem of latex sap on trees or vines softening when warm and hardening when cold. He impacted how rubber was made for tires on bikes and eventually autos, hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, shoe soles, and other items.

Where is rubber obtained from? Describe the difficulties with this product/conditions. Rubber is obtained from the latex sap of trees or vines. The sap will harden when cold and soften when warm which was a problem.

Explain how the British office tried to obtain more rubber. The British office tried getting more rubber by getting rubber tree seeds from Brazil and sent to Sri Lanka and Singapore, and had 1000s of acres of forest cleared for rubber plantations in Malaya, Indochina, Dutch East Indies, and other locations in SE Asia.

Palm Oil

What was palm oil used for? Palm oil was used for keeping machinery in factories working by lubricating them and candle making.

Where was it found? Palm oil was found in West Africa.

How was it obtained? Obtained from palm oil plantations.

Ivory

What is ivory? Why did people like it? Ivory comes from the tusks of elephants. People liked ivory for its beauty and durability.

What was it used for? Which came first - the scramble for colonies or for ivory? Ivory was used for piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, and ornamental carvings, the scramble for ivory came first.

Minerals

Mexico produced:silver.

Chile produced copper, used for telegraph cables and electrical power lines

Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and the Belgian Congo produced tin.

Bolivia, Nigeria, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies produced copper for food products.

Australia and South Africa (and West Africa and Alaska) produced large deposits of gold.

Diamonds

Who was Cecil Rhodes? What company did he form? A guy who was sent to S Africa in 1870 because of his weak health and to join a brother on a cotton farm. He formed the De Beers Mining Company.

We know his dream of building a railroad failed, but how did his role as prime minister impact South Africa? His role as prime minister led to apartheid (racial segregation) because of his racist policies.

Global Consequences

10. How did the growth of urban populations impact nations? Growing urban populations impacted nations by increasing the demand for food, which was met by imports because of new tech. People were able to invest as well as industrialized nations became richer.

11. Describe the environmental consequences of industrialization. In some places farmers were only allowed to grow cash crops leaving other ag products, which led to monoculture. Monoculture took the fertility of the soil, and crop diseases and pests spread easily if there was only one type of crop in an area.

12. Describe the lingering impact of monoculture on former colonies. Lots of former colonies are now unable to diversify their land because monoculture badly damaged their croplands, and they rely on importing ag goods to feed their people.

6.5 “Economic Imperialism”

Objective

Key Developments

Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750-1900

General

1. Explain the contextual importance of cotton and opium for Britain. Cotton and Opium for Britain were significant because they got cotton from the Americas, allowing Britain to have cheaper textiles. Opium was sold to the Chinese and was profitable for the British

The Rise of Economic Imperialism

2. What was economic imperialism - what is exploited? Economic imperialism is where foreign business interests have a large economic power/influence over natural resources out of their borders. People, refined materials, and raw materials were exploited.

3. What is the role of colonies in this type of imperialism? The colonies were there to become export economies that made goods for colonial powers to sell for profit.

Economic Imperialism in Asia

4. English defeats the Spanish Armada, meaning they have proven they have a strong navy. What does this lead to for the British and Dutch? After the English defeated the Spanish Armada, there was a gap for the British and Dutch to gain more power, even control, the spice trade in Asia from the Spanish and Portuguese.

5. Answer the following questions about each region:

India:

Explain the challenges faced by the East India Company. The East India company had problems with the Dutch, so the East India company began using cotton and silk textiles from India

How did they become successful? They became successful by exporting textiles

Dutch East Indies:

Explain how the Dutch East India Company’s role changed over time. The Dutch East India stopped focusing on shipping, and instead focused on agricultural production.

Explain the Culture System and how it impacted villagers. The culture system is where farmers are forced to either grow cash crops, or work for the government. It Impacted villages as if crops failed, the villagers would be held responsible.

China:

Why was there a lack of trade between China and Britain early on? China was not interested in British goods.

How did the East India Company try to fix this issue? They fixed this issue by forcing farmers in India to grow Opium, then sell it to China for silver, and millions became addicted to it.

What was the Chinese emperor’s response? Explain how effective it was…He made using opium a crime, but had little effect, war went on between the British and Chinese and the port of Canton was attacked by the British.

What was the result of the Opium Wars? How did this ‘reveal the fate of non industrialized nations’? The Opium War led to fights between the British and Chinese, Canton got occupied by the British for a little bit, and captured Nanjing as well. This revealed the fate of non industrialized nations as it showed how China was not predicting the power industrialized nations were getting, and the imbalance.

Explain the Treaty of Nanking. What does it do and why is no one satisfied? The treaty of Nanking requires China to have 4 more ports opened for foreigners, give the island of Hong Kong to Britain, and pay damages, making the Chinese allow free trade. No one is satisfied because the British wanted opium legalized, and Chinese did not like what they had to concede to.

6. Explain the system of spheres of influence. Who had trading rights? How did this impact China? Spheres of Influence is where exclusive trading rights were given by a state to another specially. Germany, France, Japan, Russia, and the US wanted the trading privileges that Britain had with China as well, and so they forced China to give them spheres of influence. This impacted China by making it hard for them to have control over their country as they were forced to become more open to trade.

Economic Imperialism in Africa

7. Describe the unequal trading structure between European and African markets In Africa, originally, lands were used to grow foods to eat, but with colonization, the lands were forced to be used to grow cash crops and give the products to European industries and goods for the European Markets. Africans received textiles, canned food, and alcoholic beverages, it made the colony economically dependent on imperial powers.

8. How did cash crops impact Africa? Many Africans were left vulnerable during drought, economic decline, or falling world prices. The food production decreased as farmers were producing more cash crops, increasing the value of land.

9. Explain how cash crops impacted the following:

Egypt

What was their cash crop? What did it replace as a chief export? Egypt’s cash crop was cotton, it replaced slave trade and ivory as the new chief export.

Kenya

Explain the changes made to native groups in Kenya. The Kenyan people were usually herders, but after colonization, natives were forced to go to reserves that had poor soil and bad climates. Natives who stayed and didn’t relocate were forced to provide cheap labor for white farmers.

What became a major cash crop? Where else was it important? Cocoa became the major cash crop, it was also important to the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Portuguese Colonies.

What else was traded from West Africa? West Africa also traded palm oil, palm kernels, and peanuts.

10. How did slave labor stay the same or change over time in Africa? Slave labor became outlawed in the British colonies in 1833, but continued in other places in Africa. Slave labor was still used to produce cash crops, but some stopped exploiting people through slavery.

11. What was it used for specifically - how did many companies react? Slave labor was used to produce cash crops like oil palms, coffee, cocoa, and companies felt that they had to oppose using enslaved people in making raw materials they used, some stopped buying from other companies who used slave labor to produce their goods.

Economic Imperialism in Latin America

12. What was ‘new imperialism’? How does this impact Latin America? The New Imperialism was where their was concern regarding a world capitalist economy as industrialized nations like the UK and US wanted raw materials, cheap labor, and more markets for their goods. This impacted Latin America as the upcoming middle class wanted the newest European news and fashions.

13. Describe the role of the United States in Latin America - how did they imperialize? The United States funded infrastructure and industries like railways, shipping, new banking,and financing sector. They financed guano, mining, meat processing, and packing plants. They imperialized by writing the Monroe doctrine that opposed Europeans to colonize in the Americas, meaning that Latin America was in the US’s sphere of influence.

14. How did Argentina turn into the richest country in Latin America? What investments were made there? Argentina became the richest country as the British invested in Argentina, stock breeding was improved, large scale farming, infrastructure, and building projects (telegraph and railroad). New port financed by the British.

15. Explain how Spain colonized Chile. Spain colonized Chile by making them dependent on Spain, Chile became rich in raw materials, but caused tensions between neighboring states. Copper was Chile’s main export, and their mining sector was ⅓ of their income.

16. How was Brazil impacted by the rubber industry’s shift? Brazil had a quickly growing rubber industry, but declined when Malaysia started growing rubber for cheaper. This showed how economies were usually based on Europe and US companies (if it benefits them).

17. Explain the significance of the United Fruit Company in Central America and the Caribbean. The United Fruit company was US based that traded tropical fruit like bananas that were grown in plantations in Latin America and sold in the US and Europe. This company allied with landowners that would pressure governments to keep conditions that would favor the US Company. This made small central american countries to be unstable if their economy was dependent on exporting a product that was limited.

Economic Imperialism in Hawaii

18. Explain how Hawaii is annexed by the US. Hawaii was annexed by the US as there were American business and sugar planters that overthrew the monarchy in 1893 in hopes that these islands would be annexed by the US, and in 1898, Hawaii became a territory of the US.

Contextualizing Economic Imperialism

19. Explain how the industrial revolution led to economic imperialism. The Industrial revolution led to economic imperialism because there was now a demand for raw materials and more tech ability through steamships, rails roads, and military weapons to be able to control territories.

Review (Important relevant information from old sections)

Answer the following questions briefly, using your old AMSCOs as needed.

1. How did industrialization lead to stronger European nations? How does industrialization move European nations to imperialize? Industrialization led to stronger European nations as they began producing goods and making new technology to improve their factories and manufacturing. Industrialization moved European states to imperialize as there was now a high demand for raw materials to supply industries like factories and textiles, so they colonized other people for more land and resources to get them more money.

2. What is imperialism and where do we see it happen during this era? Imperialism is where a state brings their rule over another state outside of their land, to get economic or political control of an area/land. We see imperialism happen in Africa and the Americas.