MASTER ANATOMY + PHYSIOLOGY + KINESIOLOGY + PT FACT LIST (FULL)
SECTION 1 — GENERAL BODY ORGANIZATION (FOUNDATIONS)
The body has 11 organ systems.
The smallest unit of life is the cell.
Tissues form organs; organs form organ systems.
The body is 60% water.
Homeostasis keeps internal conditions stable.
Negative feedback restores balance.
Positive feedback amplifies changes.
Anatomical position = standing, palms forward.
Movement terms are based on anatomical position.
SECTION 2 — DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superior = above.
Inferior = below.
Anterior = front.
Posterior = back.
Medial = toward midline.
Lateral = away from midline.
Proximal = closer to trunk.
Distal = farther from trunk.
Superficial = toward surface.
Deep = away from surface.
Ipsilateral = same side.
Contralateral = opposite side.
SECTION 3 — PLANES OF MOTION
Sagittal plane divides left/right.
Frontal plane divides front/back.
Transverse plane divides top/bottom.
Sagittal movements = flexion, extension.
Frontal movements = abduction, adduction.
Transverse movements = rotation.
SECTION 4 — JOINT MOVEMENTS
Flexion = decrease angle.
Extension = increase angle.
Abduction = away from midline.
Adduction = toward midline.
Internal rotation = inward.
External rotation = outward.
Dorsiflexion = toes up.
Plantarflexion = toes down.
Inversion = sole inward.
Eversion = sole outward.
Pronation (forearm) = palm down.
Supination (forearm) = palm up.
Elevation = upward.
Depression = downward.
SECTION 5 — SKELETAL SYSTEM
Adult skeleton = 206 bones.
Axial skeleton: skull, ribs, vertebrae.
Appendicular skeleton: limbs + girdles.
Femur = longest bone.
Stapes = smallest bone.
Clavicle = most frequently fractured.
Bone = collagen + hydroxyapatite.
Osteoblasts build bone.
Osteoclasts break down bone.
Osteocytes maintain bone.
Vitamin D helps calcium absorption.
Wolff’s Law: bone adapts to stress.
SECTION 6 — SPINAL ANATOMY
Cervical spine = 7 vertebrae (C1–C7).
Thoracic spine = 12 vertebrae (T1–T12).
Lumbar spine = 5 vertebrae (L1–L5).
Sacrum = 5 fused.
Coccyx = 4 fused.
Lordosis = cervical/lumbar curves.
Kyphosis = thoracic/sacral curves.
Discs act as shock absorbers.
SECTION 7 — MAJOR BONE LANDMARKS
Scapula: acromion, coracoid, spine, glenoid fossa.
Humerus: greater/lesser tubercles, epicondyles.
Femur: head, neck, trochanters, condyles.
Tibia: tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus.
Fibula: lateral malleolus.
Pelvis: ilium, ischium, pubis.
SECTION 8 — MUSCLE BASICS
Muscle fibers contain myofibrils.
Myofibrils contain sarcomeres.
Sarcomeres contain actin & myosin.
Actin = thin; myosin = thick.
Sliding filament theory = myosin pulls actin.
Type I fibers = slow, fatigue-resistant.
Type II fibers = fast, powerful, quick fatigue.
SECTION 9 — MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
Concentric = shortens.
Eccentric = lengthens.
Isometric = stays same length.
Agonist = prime mover.
Antagonist = opposite muscle.
Synergist = helper muscle.
SECTION 10 — MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS + OIA
SHOULDER & ARM
Deltoid
Origin: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Action: abduction
Supraspinatus
O: supraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle
A: initiates abduction
Infraspinatus
O: infraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle
A: external rotation
Teres Minor
O: lateral border of scapula
I: greater tubercle
A: external rotation
Subscapularis
O: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubercle
A: internal rotation
Biceps Brachii
O: scapula
I: radial tuberosity
A: elbow flexion, supination
Triceps Brachii
O: scapula + humerus
I: olecranon
A: elbow extension
CHEST & BACK
Pectoralis Major
O: clavicle + sternum
I: humerus
A: adduction, flexion
Latissimus Dorsi
O: thoracolumbar fascia
I: humerus
A: extension, adduction
Trapezius
O: skull + spine
I: clavicle + scapula
A: elevation, retraction
Rhomboids
O: thoracic spine
I: medial scapular border
A: retraction
CORE
Rectus Abdominis
O: pubic bone
I: ribs 5–7
A: trunk flexion
External Oblique
O: ribs
I: iliac crest
A: contralateral rotation
Internal Oblique
O: iliac crest
I: ribs
A: ipsilateral rotation
Transverse Abdominis
O: iliac crest + fascia
I: linea alba
A: core stabilization
LOWER BODY
Gluteus Maximus
O: ilium
I: femur
A: hip extension
Gluteus Medius
O: ilium
I: greater trochanter
A: hip abduction
Hamstrings
O: ischial tuberosity
I: tibia/fibula
A: hip extension + knee flexion
Quadriceps
O: femur/ilium
I: tibial tuberosity
A: knee extension
Gastrocnemius
O: femoral condyles
I: calcaneus
A: plantarflexion
Soleus
O: tibia/fibula
I: calcaneus
A: plantarflexion (knee bent)
Tibialis Anterior
O: tibia
I: first metatarsal
A: dorsiflexion
SECTION 11 — NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS = brain + spinal cord.
PNS = cranial + spinal nerves.
Neurons transmit electrical impulses.
Myelin increases speed of conduction.
Synapse = junction between neurons.
Action potential = electrical signal.
Neurotransmitters allow communication.
SECTION 12 — CRANIAL NERVES (1–12)
Olfactory — smell
Optic — vision
Oculomotor — eye movement
Trochlear — eye movement
Trigeminal — face sensation/chewing
Abducens — eye abduction
Facial — facial expression
Vestibulocochlear — hearing/balance
Glossopharyngeal — taste/swallowing
Vagus — autonomic regulation
Accessory — shoulder shrug
Hypoglossal — tongue movement
SECTION 13 — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart has 4 chambers.
Left ventricle pumps to body.
Right ventricle pumps to lungs.
Arteries = away from heart.
Veins = toward heart.
Capillaries = gas exchange.
Resting HR = 60–100 bpm.
Blood pressure = CO × resistance.
SECTION 14 — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Diaphragm = main breathing muscle.
Gas exchange occurs in alveoli.
O2 binds to hemoglobin.
CO2 is removed through lungs.
SECTION 15 — ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary = master gland.
Thyroid controls metabolism.
Adrenal glands produce cortisol/adrenaline.
Pancreas regulates blood sugar.
SECTION 16 — DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestion starts in mouth.
Stomach breaks down protein.
Small intestine absorbs nutrients.
Large intestine absorbs water.
SECTION 17 — KINESIOLOGY / BIOMECHANICS
Open chain = distal segment free.
Closed chain = distal segment fixed.
Torque = force × moment arm.
Longer lever = more torque.
Stability increases with a wider base.
Center of gravity = around S2.
Newton’s 3 laws govern movement.
SECTION 18 — GAIT CYCLE
Stance phase = 60% of gait.
Swing phase = 40% of gait.
Stance: heel strike → foot flat → midstance → heel off → toe off.
Swing: acceleration → midswing → deceleration.
SECTION 19 — RANGE OF MOTION NORMS
Shoulder flexion: ~180°.
Shoulder abduction: ~180°.
Elbow flexion: ~150°.
Hip flexion: ~120°.
Knee flexion: ~135°.
Ankle dorsiflexion: ~20°.
SECTION 20 — PT CLINICAL BASICS
MMT grading 0–5.
5 = full strength.
3 = full ROM against gravity.
Atrophy = muscle loss.
Hypertrophy = muscle gain.
Edema = swelling.
Erythema = redness.
Palpation = assessing with hands.
SECTION 21 — 300+ DEEP DIVE A&P FACTS
(You already have the first 60 — here is the REST to complete the ~300+)
CELLULAR
The cell membrane is phospholipid-based.
Passive transport requires no energy.
Active transport requires ATP.
Mitochondria = ATP production via aerobic respiration.
Lysosomes digest waste.
Golgi apparatus packages proteins.
DNA replicates before cell division.
Mitosis creates identical cells.
Meiosis makes gametes.
Apoptosis = programmed cell death.
Stem cells can differentiate.
Enzymes lower activation energy.
ATP stores chemical energy.
BLOOD & IMMUNE
Red blood cells carry oxygen.
RBCs lack nuclei.
WBCs fight infection.
Neutrophils respond first to infection.
Lymphocytes create immune memory.
Platelets clot blood.
Plasma = liquid portion of blood.
Normal pH = 7.35–7.45.
Spleen filters blood.
Lymph nodes filter lymph.
PHYSIOLOGY & HOMEOSTASIS
Body temp = ~98.6°F (37°C).
Fever increases metabolic rate.
Kidneys regulate electrolytes.
ADH controls water retention.
Aldosterone increases sodium retention.
Insulin lowers blood sugar.
Glucagon raises blood sugar.
Heart rate increases with sympathetic input.
Heart rate decreases with parasympathetic input.
Sweating cools the body.
Vasoconstriction preserves heat.
MUSCULOSKELETAL
Synovial joints have a joint capsule.
Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces.
Menisci add stability.
Ligaments stabilize joints.
Tendons transmit muscle force.
Eccentric contractions create most force.
Muscles adapt to load via hypertrophy.
Fast-twitch fibers produce more power.
Slow-twitch fibers rely on oxidative metabolism.
BIOMECHANICS
Work = force × distance.
Power = work ÷ time.
Momentum = mass × velocity.
Friction increases stability.
GRF = ground reaction force.
Longer moment arm = more torque.
Balance depends on COM position.
Lower COM = more stability.
A wider BOS = better balance.
GAIT & FUNCTION
Gait speed predicts independence.
Weak glute med = Trendelenburg gait.
Weak dorsiflexors = foot drop.
Tight hip flexors = anterior pelvic tilt.
Weak core = lumbar instability.
Proprioception comes from joint receptors.
Vestibular system helps balance.
PATHOLOGY & PT RELEVANCE
Osteoporosis reduces bone density.
Osteoarthritis is cartilage degeneration.
Rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune.
Stroke affects motor/sensory pathways.
Spasticity = velocity-dependent tone increase.
Flaccidity = no muscle tone.
Ataxia = coordination deficit.
Edema can reduce ROM & strength.
Pain inhibits muscle activation.
Scar tissue decreases mobility.
NEUROMUSCULAR
Motor units control muscle force.
Fine motor control = small motor units.
Gross motor = large motor units.
Reflexes are involuntary responses.
Muscle spindle detects stretch.
Golgi tendon organ detects tension.
CNS plasticity allows relearning.