APUSH unit 3

Seven Years War- Global conflict with French and British, French and Indian war was part of this conflict fought on American soil.  It was A conflict between the French and the English over control of the Ohio River Valley. It was a nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

European-Native American Alliances- alliances in early colonial America were partnerships formed primarily for trade, military support, and survival. The French allied closely with tribes for the fur trade and mutual protection against rival tribes and British forces. The British, though more focused on expanding their settlements, also formed alliances, especially for military advantages in conflicts like the French and Indian War. Natives allied with colonists as they figured as long as the colonists were fighting each other, they’d have some control over the land. 

Treaty of Paris (1763)- This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of  the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Taxation without representation-  “Taxation without representation” was a key phrase of American colonists in the 18th century, expressing their frustration with British taxes imposed by Parliament, where they had no elected representatives, only “virtual representation” based on social classes. This phrase captured the colonists’ belief that they should not be taxed by a government in which they had no voice. The slogan became a rallying cry in the lead-up to the American Revolution, fueling opposition to British policies like the Stamp Act, tea act, sugar act and Townshend Acts, which taxed essential goods and documents.

Patriot vs Loyalist- Loyalists were American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King while Patriots were American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during  the Revolutionary War. 

Battle of Yorktown- Last major battle of the Revolutionary war, weakening Brit to the point they had to surrender. British troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French. Britain was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army and  surrendered on October 19, 1781.

Common Sense- A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 advocating for American independence from Britain. It used clear language to appeal to the common people and argued that it was natural for the colonies to break away from British rule.

Declaration of Independence- Drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson and adopted on July 4, 1776, this document proclaimed the colonies’ right to be free and independent states. It justified independence by listing grievances against King George III and expressing ideals of equality and natural rights.

John Locke/Enlightenment- John Locke was an Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas on natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and government by consent influenced American revolutionary thought. The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and individual rights, fueling the colonies’ desire for self-governance. Huge influence on Declaration of Independence, constitution.

Continental Army- The official army of the American colonies, formed in 1775 and led by General George Washington. The Continental Army fought against British forces during the American Revolution, enduring significant hardships but ultimately securing independence. Some of the men were slaves, as slaves we’re told that if they fought they would be freed.  They were not properly trained or given supplies but they had GEORGE WASHINGTON.

American Revolution (pol, ec, and soc)

Political: The revolution led to independence from Britain and the creation of a republic with democratic ideals.

Economic: The war disrupted trade and led to significant debt, but it also encouraged self-sufficiency and westward expansion.

Social: The revolution inspired new ideas about equality and rights, though these changes were limited in terms of race and gender.

Ben Franklin- A Founding Father, inventor, diplomat, and writer, Franklin played a crucial role in gaining French support for the American cause. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which officially ended the war and recognized American independence.

George Washington- Army General from Virginia who led the army in the French and Indian war, then led the Patriots and continental Army in the Revolutionary war, bringing them to victory. Was then appointed as the first president of the United States.

Thomas Jefferson- A Founding Father and key figure in the American Revolution, Jefferson was the main author of the Declaration of Independence, emphasizing ideas of natural rights and self-governance. In the 1790s, he became the leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, which advocated for states’ rights and an agrarian-based economy in contrast to Federalist policies.

Articles of Confederation- First Constitution which had a very weak central government, as the colonists were scared of monarchy. Replaced by current constitution. 

NW Ordinance- Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Debates of Philadelphia Convention Held in 1787, delegates from the states debated the structure of the new U.S. government. Key issues included representation (resulting in the Great Compromise, creating a bicameral legislature) and the balance of power between federal and state governments. These debates shaped the U.S. Constitution and established a stronger federal government.

Slavery and the Constitution Slavery was a contentious issue at the Philadelphia Convention, leading to compromises like the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation. The Constitution also included a clause allowing the importation of enslaved people until 1808, reflecting the conflicting interests between northern and southern states.

Federalism vs. Separation of Powers- Federalism is a constitutional arrangement where power is divided between national and sub national governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other. Powers were separated into three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial branches which have checks and balances to make sure no branch or individual has too much power. 

Hamilton, Madison, Jay- Federalists who wrote the federalist papers. Held Federalist beliefs as they were  proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Madison was the "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Anti-Federalists/Jefferson-Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.

New Jersey Plan Vs. Virginia Plan- New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress. More supported in smaller states. "Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation. Led to the great compromise between the large and small states of the colonies. It resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Federalist Papers- A series of anonymous papers written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison that advocated for a strong federal government, trying to ratify the new constitution.

Ratification of Constitution Debate- The Constitution’s ratification sparked fierce debate between Federalists, who supported a strong federal government, and Anti-Federalists, who feared centralized power. Federalists, like Hamilton and Madison, argued for ratification through The Federalist Papers, while Anti-Federalists demanded a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties.

Bill of Rights- The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees different civil liberties, as wanted by the Antifederalists.The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.

Presidents Washington and Adams-Washington (1789-1797): 

Washington- The first president, he set many precedents, including a two-term limit. Washington prioritized neutrality in foreign affairs (Proclamation of Neutrality) and quelled internal dissent, such as the Whiskey Rebellion, strengthening federal authority.

Adams: The second president, Adams faced challenges like the Quasi-War with France and domestic divisions, especially over the Alien and Sedition Acts, which restricted speech against the government and were seen as an infringement on individual rights. These acts deepened the Federalist-Republican divide.

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