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cellular respiration - ap bio unit 3

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthesis

    • Process used by plants to make FOOD (glucose)

    • Two processes take place in two locations

      • Light Dependant Reactions

        • Happens in membranes of Thylakoids

        • Turns NADP+, ADP, and H2O into NADPH, ATP, and O2 (released as waste)

          • Uses energy from sunlight to load molecules with electrons

          • Any ATP made is used in the next step

        • Actively pumps H+ into the lumen

        •  H+ then enters cell through transport proteins to turn ADP into ATP

        • Composed of photosystems I, II and chemiosmosis

  • Calvin Cycle

    • Happens in the stroma of chloroplasts

    • Turns CO2, NADPH, and ATP into into Glucose, NADP+, and ADP

      • These get used in cellular respiration and light dependant reactions

      • FIXES ATMOSPHERIC (INORGANIC) CARBON INTO ORGANIC CARBON

  • You can run experiments to determine which reaction is defective 

    • Light dependant= test for O2 absorption

    • Calvin Cycle= Test CO2 absorption

  • Cellular respiration

    • ALL LIVING THINGS DO CELLULAR RESPIRATION

    • Happens in mitochondria of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of eukaryotes

    • ALL respirations requires pyruvate

    • Several steps

      • Glycolysis

        • Happens of the cytoplasm of ALL living things

          • Evidence of common ancestry

        • Glucose is oxidized into 2 pyruvate molecules

        • 2 NAD+ are reduced into 2 NADH

          • These electrons are carried into later processes

        • Requires 2 ATP but makes 4 ATP

  • Linking Step

    • Beginning of aerobic respiration

    • Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-coA

    • Acetyl-coA is transported INTO the mitochondria

  • Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle

    • Acetyl-CoA goes through a series of exergonic chemical reaction that reduce NAD+ to NADH and FADH to FADH2

    • Happens twice per glucose molecule

  • Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

    • Occurs IN the inner mitochondrial membrane

    • NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, releasing electrons and energy

      • NAD+ and FAD+ are recycled back into the environment

    • Electrons move through the ETC, losing energy until they combine with O2 and H+ ions to form water as a waste product

    •  Energy released is used to maintain an H+ ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

    • Oxidative Phosphorylation

      • Works with the ETC

      • H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase (an enzyme) from the matrix to the intermembrane space

      • Energy from this  diffusion is captured and used by ATP Synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

      • Generates 32-34 ATP

  • Types of Respiration

    • Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

      • Anaerobic 

        • REQUIRES NO OXYGEN

        • Stops at glycolysis

        • Makes lactic acid or alcohol as byproducts

        • Faster but makes less energy

      • Aerobic

        • REQUIRES OXYGEN

        • Goes through all parts of respiration

  • Oxidative Efficiency

    • Energy that is not captured from oxidation of NADH during the ETC is given off as heat.

    • Homeothermic organisms will decouple the ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation to generate more heat and regulate body temperature



cellular respiration - ap bio unit 3

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  • Photosynthesis

    • Process used by plants to make FOOD (glucose)

    • Two processes take place in two locations

      • Light Dependant Reactions

        • Happens in membranes of Thylakoids

        • Turns NADP+, ADP, and H2O into NADPH, ATP, and O2 (released as waste)

          • Uses energy from sunlight to load molecules with electrons

          • Any ATP made is used in the next step

        • Actively pumps H+ into the lumen

        •  H+ then enters cell through transport proteins to turn ADP into ATP

        • Composed of photosystems I, II and chemiosmosis

  • Calvin Cycle

    • Happens in the stroma of chloroplasts

    • Turns CO2, NADPH, and ATP into into Glucose, NADP+, and ADP

      • These get used in cellular respiration and light dependant reactions

      • FIXES ATMOSPHERIC (INORGANIC) CARBON INTO ORGANIC CARBON

  • You can run experiments to determine which reaction is defective 

    • Light dependant= test for O2 absorption

    • Calvin Cycle= Test CO2 absorption

  • Cellular respiration

    • ALL LIVING THINGS DO CELLULAR RESPIRATION

    • Happens in mitochondria of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of eukaryotes

    • ALL respirations requires pyruvate

    • Several steps

      • Glycolysis

        • Happens of the cytoplasm of ALL living things

          • Evidence of common ancestry

        • Glucose is oxidized into 2 pyruvate molecules

        • 2 NAD+ are reduced into 2 NADH

          • These electrons are carried into later processes

        • Requires 2 ATP but makes 4 ATP

  • Linking Step

    • Beginning of aerobic respiration

    • Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-coA

    • Acetyl-coA is transported INTO the mitochondria

  • Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle

    • Acetyl-CoA goes through a series of exergonic chemical reaction that reduce NAD+ to NADH and FADH to FADH2

    • Happens twice per glucose molecule

  • Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

    • Occurs IN the inner mitochondrial membrane

    • NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, releasing electrons and energy

      • NAD+ and FAD+ are recycled back into the environment

    • Electrons move through the ETC, losing energy until they combine with O2 and H+ ions to form water as a waste product

    •  Energy released is used to maintain an H+ ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

    • Oxidative Phosphorylation

      • Works with the ETC

      • H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase (an enzyme) from the matrix to the intermembrane space

      • Energy from this  diffusion is captured and used by ATP Synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

      • Generates 32-34 ATP

  • Types of Respiration

    • Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

      • Anaerobic 

        • REQUIRES NO OXYGEN

        • Stops at glycolysis

        • Makes lactic acid or alcohol as byproducts

        • Faster but makes less energy

      • Aerobic

        • REQUIRES OXYGEN

        • Goes through all parts of respiration

  • Oxidative Efficiency

    • Energy that is not captured from oxidation of NADH during the ETC is given off as heat.

    • Homeothermic organisms will decouple the ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation to generate more heat and regulate body temperature



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