cellular respiration - ap bio unit 3
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Process used by plants to make FOOD (glucose)
Two processes take place in two locations
Light Dependant Reactions
Happens in membranes of Thylakoids
Turns NADP+, ADP, and H2O into NADPH, ATP, and O2 (released as waste)
Uses energy from sunlight to load molecules with electrons
Any ATP made is used in the next step
Actively pumps H+ into the lumen
H+ then enters cell through transport proteins to turn ADP into ATP
Composed of photosystems I, II and chemiosmosis
Calvin Cycle
Happens in the stroma of chloroplasts
Turns CO2, NADPH, and ATP into into Glucose, NADP+, and ADP
These get used in cellular respiration and light dependant reactions
FIXES ATMOSPHERIC (INORGANIC) CARBON INTO ORGANIC CARBON
You can run experiments to determine which reaction is defective
Light dependant= test for O2 absorption
Calvin Cycle= Test CO2 absorption
Cellular respiration
ALL LIVING THINGS DO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Happens in mitochondria of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of eukaryotes
ALL respirations requires pyruvate
Several steps
Glycolysis
Happens of the cytoplasm of ALL living things
Evidence of common ancestry
Glucose is oxidized into 2 pyruvate molecules
2 NAD+ are reduced into 2 NADH
These electrons are carried into later processes
Requires 2 ATP but makes 4 ATP
Linking Step
Beginning of aerobic respiration
Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-coA
Acetyl-coA is transported INTO the mitochondria
Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA goes through a series of exergonic chemical reaction that reduce NAD+ to NADH and FADH to FADH2
Happens twice per glucose molecule
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Occurs IN the inner mitochondrial membrane
NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, releasing electrons and energy
NAD+ and FAD+ are recycled back into the environment
Electrons move through the ETC, losing energy until they combine with O2 and H+ ions to form water as a waste product
Energy released is used to maintain an H+ ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Works with the ETC
H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase (an enzyme) from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Energy from this diffusion is captured and used by ATP Synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
Generates 32-34 ATP
Types of Respiration
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
Anaerobic
REQUIRES NO OXYGEN
Stops at glycolysis
Makes lactic acid or alcohol as byproducts
Faster but makes less energy
Aerobic
REQUIRES OXYGEN
Goes through all parts of respiration
Oxidative Efficiency
Energy that is not captured from oxidation of NADH during the ETC is given off as heat.
Homeothermic organisms will decouple the ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation to generate more heat and regulate body temperature
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Process used by plants to make FOOD (glucose)
Two processes take place in two locations
Light Dependant Reactions
Happens in membranes of Thylakoids
Turns NADP+, ADP, and H2O into NADPH, ATP, and O2 (released as waste)
Uses energy from sunlight to load molecules with electrons
Any ATP made is used in the next step
Actively pumps H+ into the lumen
H+ then enters cell through transport proteins to turn ADP into ATP
Composed of photosystems I, II and chemiosmosis
Calvin Cycle
Happens in the stroma of chloroplasts
Turns CO2, NADPH, and ATP into into Glucose, NADP+, and ADP
These get used in cellular respiration and light dependant reactions
FIXES ATMOSPHERIC (INORGANIC) CARBON INTO ORGANIC CARBON
You can run experiments to determine which reaction is defective
Light dependant= test for O2 absorption
Calvin Cycle= Test CO2 absorption
Cellular respiration
ALL LIVING THINGS DO CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Happens in mitochondria of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of eukaryotes
ALL respirations requires pyruvate
Several steps
Glycolysis
Happens of the cytoplasm of ALL living things
Evidence of common ancestry
Glucose is oxidized into 2 pyruvate molecules
2 NAD+ are reduced into 2 NADH
These electrons are carried into later processes
Requires 2 ATP but makes 4 ATP
Linking Step
Beginning of aerobic respiration
Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-coA
Acetyl-coA is transported INTO the mitochondria
Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA goes through a series of exergonic chemical reaction that reduce NAD+ to NADH and FADH to FADH2
Happens twice per glucose molecule
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Occurs IN the inner mitochondrial membrane
NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, releasing electrons and energy
NAD+ and FAD+ are recycled back into the environment
Electrons move through the ETC, losing energy until they combine with O2 and H+ ions to form water as a waste product
Energy released is used to maintain an H+ ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Works with the ETC
H+ ions diffuse through ATP Synthase (an enzyme) from the matrix to the intermembrane space
Energy from this diffusion is captured and used by ATP Synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
Generates 32-34 ATP
Types of Respiration
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic
Anaerobic
REQUIRES NO OXYGEN
Stops at glycolysis
Makes lactic acid or alcohol as byproducts
Faster but makes less energy
Aerobic
REQUIRES OXYGEN
Goes through all parts of respiration
Oxidative Efficiency
Energy that is not captured from oxidation of NADH during the ETC is given off as heat.
Homeothermic organisms will decouple the ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation to generate more heat and regulate body temperature