4.1

Genes get transcribed into mRNA and then mRNA ( at the ribosome ) gets translated into chains of amino acids and those amino acids fold to form polypeptide chains

4 Nitrogenous Base Pairs

* Note the SHAPES of each of these. Guanine and Adenine have double rings

  • These shapes ensure the width is always the same

* Uracil is only used in RNA

Pairs thru hydrogen bonds , A-T , G-C

DNA REPLICATION

Why is it called antiparallel?

  • They are anti-parallel because one side is flipped upside down. They are anti-parallel because one side is flipped upside down.

  • TLDR DNA unzips and each side is copied to conserve one strand of parent DNA.

4.2

Prokaryotes do not contain membrane-bound organelles

  • In prokaryotes. DNA attaches to a spot in the cell membrane (so its not so floaty)

    • Plasmids contain only a few genes that offer proteins for extreme situations characteristics

  • One has a several thousand genes

    • entire thing codes for RNA and proteins

    • no unused proteins

Gene Regulation - Operons

  • Operons can STOP dna from being transcribed (negative feedback turns gene on or off)

  • Promoter region is where it attaches to (produces product)

Chromosomes

  • We have 23 chromosomes PAIRS and 46 total chromosomes

Genetic Engineering steps

Identify

  • Find the molecule

Separate

  • Isolate DNA sequence/ gene that codes for the molecule

Manipulate

  • Alter DNA by placing it somewhere else or altering it inside the original cell

Harvest

  • Collect molecule/product and market it.

* Note: If something has r before the name ex: “rDNA” it means RECOMBINANT

Common Gel Stains

  • Ethidium Bromide (EtBr)

    • Glows orange under UV

  • Methylene blue

Test Specific Studying

  • Need to know ALL terms and definitions

  • Isolating and Manipulating DNA Order and Step Definitions

  • Lots about Gel Electrophoresis

    • Agarose vs Polyacrymelide

      • What kind of molecules do they separate

      • If given proteins or DNA, what system would u use and why

    • Concentrations effect on molecules

    • Different Stains and how they function

  • In bacteria how many bands will u see given a certain amount of cuts

    • Ex: one cut gives __ # of bands

  • How are genes turned off and on?

    • Need to know introns extrons etc

    • Heavy on 4.2

  • How is DNA different and the same between all organisms

  • How SPECIFICALLY do you manipulate DNA

Test Studying Specific Answers:

Vocabulary at top of page

Isolation and Manipulation of DNA

Identify

  • Find the molecule

Separate

  • Isolate DNA sequence/ gene that codes for the molecule

Manipulate

  • Alter DNA by placing it somewhere else or altering it inside the original cell

Harvest

  • Collect molecule/product and market it.

Gel Electrophoresis

  • Polyacrylamide VS Agarose

    • Polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) seperate SMALLER molecules like proteins or TINY DNA/RNA

    • Agarose gel separates medium-large DNA 500-25,000 bp

  • RNA is smaller than DNA

  • Smears appear when theres a small concentration of thousands of different sizes of molecules

  • Concentration makes DNA move slower through gel

Types of Stains

  • Methylene Blue

    • attaches to DNA and proteins

  • Ethidium Bromide

    • DNA stain that glows under UV

Restriction enzymes cuts

  • # cuts = # of bands

DNA between organisms

  • All DNA has a double helix, runs antiparallel, has hydrogen bonds, etc.

  • NOT all DNA has the same number of strands

    • This means that their base pairs vary in length

  • Some DNA has LINEAR chromosomes or CIRCULAR

Manipulating DNA

  • Gene Therapy or Site Specific Mutagenesis