SLIDE 2 EHS 320

Page 1: Dimensions of Impairment

• Impairment

  • Defined as problems within the body's structure or function.

• Activity Limitations

  • Refers to difficulties individuals may have in completing certain activities, such as getting out of bed or walking.

• Participation Restrictions

  • Problems in everyday life often caused by limited accessibility, environmental factors, or discrimination and negative attitudes from others.

  • Impairment Impairment is defined as problems within the body's structure or function, which can be temporary or permanent and can affect physical, mental, or sensory capabilities. Impairments can arise from various causes, including injury, disease, congenital conditions, or age-related changes, leading to observable changes in how the body operates. Activity Limitations Activity limitations refer to the difficulties individuals may encounter while attempting to perform everyday activities. Examples include challenges in basic tasks such as getting out of bed, walking, dressing, bathing, or engaging in work or recreational activities. The severity of these limitations can vary widely based on the nature of the impairment, the individual's health, and the support they receive. Recognizing these limitations is essential for developing effective interventions and supportive environments. Participation Restrictions Participation restrictions are related to problems that affect individuals' ability to engage fully in everyday life. Such restrictions can stem from various factors, including lack of physical accessibility in public spaces, environmental barriers like stairs without ramps, or societal factors that include discrimination and negative attitudes towards people with disabilities. These restrictions can limit individuals' participation in essential activities such as socializing, education, employment, and community involvement, leading to social isolation and decreased quality of life. It is crucial to address these barriers to promote inclusion and equity for all individuals, regardless of their abilities.

Page 2: Diversity in Disability: Individual Differences

• Diversity in Disability

  • Disability is multifaceted and varies greatly among individuals.

• Experiences of Persons with Disabilities (PWD)

  • Some may face activity limitations or health concerns while others may have "hidden" disabilities not immediately visible.

Page 3: Individual Needs and Abilities

• Each person with a disability has unique needs and capabilities.

• The necessity for tailored programs indicates that a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective in providing support for people with disabilities.

• ### Individual Needs and Abilities - Each person with a disability has unique needs and capabilities that must be recognized and respected. Disabilities can encompass a wide range of conditions, including physical, sensory, cognitive, and emotional challenges that affect individuals differently. - The necessity for tailored programs is critical, as a one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective in addressing the diverse support needs of people with disabilities. Individual assessment is essential to identify specific abilities and limitations, enabling the development of personalized interventions that enhance skills and promote independence.
  
  - Moreover, considerations such as age, cultural background, socioeconomic status, and personal circumstances can influence the effectiveness of support services. Tailoring programs not only uplifts individuals but also fosters a sense of agency and inclusion in society. Creating opportunities for participation in education, employment, and community activities should be at the forefront of support provisions. Effective programs should engage individuals and their families in the planning process to ensure that the services provided align with personal goals and aspirations. This holistic approach is crucial to fostering both personal growth and social integration.

Awareness & Accessibility

Negative Impact of Stereotypes

Stereotypes surrounding persons with disabilities (PWD) can significantly hinder their inclusion in society. These stereotypes often perpetuate misconceptions and biases, framing PWD as incapable, dependent, or in need of constant assistance. Such negative attitudes can manifest in various ways, including social isolation, exclusion from community events, and limited job opportunities, all of which contribute to decreased quality of life and mental well-being for individuals with disabilities.Moreover, these stereotypes can affect the self-esteem and identity of PWD, reinforcing feelings of inadequacy and limiting their aspirations and ambitions.

Barriers Created by Ignorance

A lack of awareness regarding the capabilities and rights of PWD can lead to both intentional and unintentional barriers that adversely affect their social participation. These barriers may include inadequate accessibility in public spaces, misleading assumptions regarding the abilities of individuals with disabilities, and the failure to provide necessary accommodations in workplaces or educational institutions.Additionally, ignorance can also perpetuate social stigma, leading to discrimination and exclusion in various aspects of life, including healthcare, education, and community involvement. Education and awareness campaigns are essential to dispel myths about disabilities and foster a more inclusive environment, encouraging acceptance and understanding of diverse abilities within society.

Understanding Ableism

Definition of AbleismAbleism is the systemic discrimination and social prejudice directed against individuals with disabilities, based on the belief that typical, able-bodied or able-minded capabilities are inherently superior. This belief fosters stereotypes and misconceptions about people with disabilities, categorizing them as lesser, dependent, or in need of correction.

The notion of ableism is often rooted in societal norms that prioritize certain physical and mental abilities as the standard by which all others are assessed. Consequently, this can lead to a myriad of discriminatory practices and attitudes that exclude individuals with disabilities from full participation in various aspects of society, such as employment, education, and recreational activities.

Ableism manifests not only through direct discrimination but also through more subtle social attitudes, which can perpetuate stigma and reinforce the idea that disabled individuals are often flawed or need to be ‘fixed’ in some way. This perspective can contribute to a lack of resources or accommodations that would allow for meaningful participation and equality in social settings.

Ableism (noun): Ableism is characterized by a societal structure and mindset that favors able-bodied individuals, often marginalizing those with disabilities in terms of rights, opportunities, and access to resources.

The impacts of ableism are pervasive and can significantly affect quality of life for individuals with disabilities, impacting their self-esteem, social integration, and overall mental health. Understanding ableism is essential for fostering a more inclusive society that respects and values the dignity and capabilities of all individuals, regardless of their physical or mental abilities.

Characteristics of Ableism

Comparison with Other Types of Discrimination

Ableism, similar to racism and sexism, operates on principles that classify certain groups of people as inferior or lesser. This form of discrimination is rooted in societal norms that establish a hierarchy based on perceived abilities, leading to pervasive harmful stereotypes and misconceptions about individuals with disabilities.

Just as racism and sexism are built on unfounded prejudices and societal biases against people of color and women respectively, ableism fosters the belief that individuals deemed "able-bodied" or "able-minded" possess superior qualities and capabilities. This perception often manifests in derogatory assumptions about the abilities and potential of persons with disabilities (PWD), categorizing them as dependent, incapable, or in need of correction or fixing.

Ableism can lead to marginalization, where people with disabilities are excluded from various social, educational, and employment opportunities. Negative stereotypes perpetuated through cultural narratives, media representation, and institutional practices contribute to an environment where individuals with disabilities are not seen as equal members of society.

Furthermore, ableism intersects with other forms of discrimination, creating complex layers of disadvantage for individuals who may belong to multiple marginalized groups, such as those who are also women, people of color, or members of the LGBTQ+ community. These intersecting identities can amplify the effects of ableism, making it crucial to recognize and address discrimination in an inclusive manner that considers the diverse experiences and challenges faced by individuals.

Combatting ableism requires a multifaceted approach, including advocacy for policy changes, awareness campaigns to alter public perceptions, and the promotion of inclusive practices that prioritize the agency and rights of individuals with disabilities. Understanding how ableism functions alongside other discriminative practices is essential for creating a more equitable society for all individuals, regardless of their abilities or identities.

Manifestations of Ableism

Examples of Ableism

1. Non-compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)This refers to instances where businesses, organizations, or public facilities fail to adhere to ADA regulations that require accessibility standards for individuals with disabilities. Examples include not providing wheelchair ramps, accessible restrooms, or other necessary accommodations to ensure equal access.

2. Segregation of Students with Disabilities into Separate SchoolsMany educational institutions may separate students with disabilities from their peers, denying them the benefits of inclusion and social interaction. This segregation can reinforce negative stereotypes and limit opportunities for academic and social growth. Inclusion in mainstream classrooms is essential for fostering a sense of belonging and equality among students.

3. Making Jokes about Disabilities or Mocking IndividualsHumor that targets individuals with disabilities can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and inhibit social acceptance. Making jokes about a person's disability not only discredits their experiences but also reinforces an environment of discrimination and exclusion. It is crucial to promote more respectful and inclusive dialogue that honors the dignity of all individuals.

4. Failing to Provide Reasonable AccommodationsOrganizations are required to make reasonable adjustments to allow individuals with disabilities to perform their roles effectively. Failing to provide such accommodations, such as modified workstations, flexible schedules, or assistive technologies, limits opportunities for individuals with disabilities to thrive professionally and personally.

5. Creating Inaccessible Websites Many online platforms do not accommodate users with disabilities, such as those who rely on screen readers or need keyboard navigation. Websites that lack accessibility considerations can obstruct access to vital information and services, thereby marginalizing individuals with disabilities from participating fully in the digital age.

6. Communicating with Individuals with Disabilities in a Condescending Manner Using patronizing or simplified language when addressing individuals with disabilities can undermine their autonomy and agency. Effective communication requires respecting individuals' capacities and engaging with them as equals, allowing for meaningful interactions and mutual respect.

7. Choosing Venues that are Not Accessible for EventsOrganizing events in venues that lack accessibility features—such as ramps, elevators, or accessible seating—excludes individuals with disabilities from participating. Planners must prioritize accessibility options to ensure that all individuals can attend and contribute to social, educational, or community events, fostering an inclusive environment for everyone.

Communication & Language

Impact of LanguageThe terminology used to describe individuals with disabilities significantly reflects and influences underlying societal beliefs and attitudes. Language not only serves as a means of communication but also shapes perceptions about disability. Certain words carry the power to both uplift and demean individuals, demonstrating how language can either foster inclusion or perpetuate stigma. For example, outdated or derogatory terms can reinforce negative stereotypes and contribute to social exclusion, while respectful and affirming language can promote dignity and recognition of individuals' rights and capabilities.

Person-First Language RecommendationIn the United States, it is widely recommended to use person-first language, a form of communication that prioritizes the individual over their disability (e.g., saying "a person with a disability" rather than "a disabled person"). This linguistic approach is designed to emphasize the humanity of individuals, reminding society that they are people first, and their disabilities are just one aspect of their identity. Using person-first language can help reduce stereotypes and encourage empathy, as it focuses on the individual’s strengths and contributions rather than defining them solely by their challenges.

However, it is essential to recognize that not all communities of disabled individuals agree on the use of person-first language; some may prefer identity-first language (such as "disabled person"). This divergence in preferences highlights the importance of respecting individual choices and fostering an open dialogue about language in the context of disability. Understanding these nuances can further enhance communication and promote greater inclusion.

Concept of Person-First Terminology

DefinitionPerson-first language is a communication approach that emphasizes the individual experiencing a disability rather than defining them solely by their impairment. By placing the person before their disability, this language framework aims to underscore the humanity, dignity, and individuality of people with disabilities. For example, one would say "a person with a disability" instead of "a disabled person." This perspective seeks to promote respect and acknowledgment of individuals as holistic beings with strengths and capabilities beyond their challenges.

Community PerspectivesIt is essential to recognize that not all communities of individuals with disabilities agree on the use of person-first terminology. Some individuals prefer identity-first language, which prioritizes the disability in the description (e.g., "disabled person" or "autistic individual"). This preference often stems from a desire to embrace one’s disability as a significant part of their identity. Notably, many advocates argue that championing either form of language should come with respect for personal choice, reflecting the diversity of experiences and identities within the disabled community. Understanding these nuanced perspectives is crucial for effective communication and fostering a more inclusive environment.

While person-first language aims to promote positive attitudes and reduce stigma, it is equally important to engage in open dialogue about language preferences among individuals. This awareness can facilitate deeper connections and mutual respect in interactions, allowing individuals with disabilities to articulate how they want to be represented in discourse. Emphasizing person-first or identity-first language contributes to broader efforts in advocating for disability rights and inclusion within society.

Person-First vs. Identity-First Language

Person-First LanguageThis approach emphasizes the individual as a human being before their disability, advocating for terminology that acknowledges a person's humanity over their condition (e.g., "person who is blind" or "individual with autism"). This linguistic choice is rooted in the belief that a disability is just one aspect of a person’s identity, and it promotes respect and empathy by focusing on the individual’s strengths, capabilities, and overall humanity.

Identity-First LanguageIn contrast, identity-first language prioritizes the disability in the description (e.g., "disabled person" or "autistic individual"). Proponents of this format argue that it can empower individuals by affirming their disability as an integral part of their identity. Many who use identity-first language believe that recognizing their disability can foster a sense of community and belonging within the disability rights movement.

Personal PreferenceBoth person-first and identity-first formats are valid, and individuals should have the autonomy to self-identify according to their preferences without judgment or pressure. The choice between these terminologies can vary widely among individuals and communities, reflecting personal beliefs, cultural contexts, and lived experiences. Advocating for an inclusive dialogue surrounding language preferences is crucial, as it allows voices within the disability community to be heard and respected. Open conversations about how individuals prefer to be identified not only promote dignity but also pave the way for greater societal understanding and acceptance of diverse identities.

Page 12: Language Considerations

• Potential Stigmatization

  • Language can alienate or exclude.

• Examples of Potentially Harmful Language

  • Phrases like "sit less, move more," "stand up, sit less," "chairs are killers," and similar messages may carry negative connotations for certain audiences.