unit 11 bio

Biology Chapter 30 Study Guide

1. Explain the following terms

  • Circulatory System:
    The circulatory system moves blood, oxygen, and nutrients through the body.

  • Respiratory System:
    The respiratory system takes in oxygen and expels CO2.

Draw the structure of the respiratory system: trachea, lungs: bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli. And explain what each part does

  • Trachea: Rigid tube (made of cartilage) that connects the mouth and nose and lungs.

  • Bronchi: Rigid tubes that lead to each lung.

  • Bronchioles: Smaller tubes that branch out in the lungs.

  • Alveoli: Tiny air sacs that greatly increase surface area.

  • Lungs: Organs where bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli are located for gas exchange.

  • Diaphragm: Dome-shaped muscle that moves up and down to help breathe.

  • Diaphragm: Dome-shaped muscle that moves up and down to help breathe.

  • Heart: Made of cardiac muscle tissue. Has 4 chambers (2 top atria, 2 bottom ventricles). Valves prevent blood from flowing backwards. Right side = deoxygenated blood. Left side = oxygenated blood. 2 sides separated by the septum.

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. Blood is under high pressure. Thick muscle walls to withstand high pressure. Small opening.

  • Veins: Carry blood to the heart. Blood is under low pressure. Have valves. Thin muscle walls and have valves to prevent backflow. Large opening.

  • Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that surround almost every cell. Only 1 cell thick for gas and nutrient exchange. Very thin, only 1 cell layer thick.

2. Explain the process of gas exchange in the alveoli. What powers the sequence?

  • When you inhale, the concentration of O₂ in the alveoli is high.

  • The blood coming to the alveoli has a high concentration of CO₂.

  • O₂ moves into the blood and CO₂ moves into the alveoli by DIFFUSION.

3. What is the function of red blood cells and hemoglobin?

(This wasn’t in the notes, but based on textbook content)
Red blood cells carry oxygen, and hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that binds to oxygen.

4. What are the parts of the brain that regulate gas exchange?

(Not in your notes — likely the medulla oblongata, based on standard content.)
The medulla oblongata regulates breathing rate based on CO₂ levels in the blood.

5. Draw and label the parts of the heart:

Label these on your drawing:

  • Right atrium

  • Right ventricle

  • Left atrium

  • Left ventricle

  • Septum

  • Aortic valve

  • Pulmonary valve

  • Tricuspid valve

  • Mitral valve

  • Vena cava

  • Aorta

  • Pulmonary arteries

  • Pulmonary veins

6. Explain the pathway of blood flow

  • The blood enters in the atria and gets pumped out through the ventricles.

  • The right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs to get oxygenated.

  • The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

7. What does the pacemaker do?

(Not in your notes — but typically the pacemaker sets the rhythm of the heartbeat.)
The pacemaker sends electrical signals to control the heartbeat.

8. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

  • Pulmonary circulation: Between heart and lungs

  • Systemic circulation: Between heart and body

9. Describe the characteristics of the three types of blood vessels

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. Blood is under high pressure. Thick muscle walls. Small opening.

  • Veins: Carry blood to the heart. Blood is under low pressure. Have valves. Thin muscle walls. Large opening.

  • Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that surround almost every cell. Only 1 cell thick. Very thin.

10. Explain the function and structure of the parts of the blood

(Not in notes — based on standard info)

  • Platelets: Help blood clot.

  • Plasma: Liquid part of blood that carries everything.

  • RBC (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.

  • WBC (White Blood Cells): Fight infections.

11. Explain why people can only donate blood to people of the same blood group and why O is the universal donor and AB is the universal acceptor

(Not directly in notes, but here’s the standard answer)
Blood types have antigens. If someone receives the wrong type, their immune system attacks it.

  • O = universal donor (no antigens to be attacked).

  • AB = universal acceptor (has both A and B antigens, so won’t attack A or B).

12. Know which blood groups can donate to which groups

Blood Type

Can Donate To

Can Receive From

A⁺

A⁺, AB⁺

A⁺, A⁻, O⁺, O⁻

AB⁻

AB⁺, AB⁻

AB⁻, A⁻, B⁻, O⁻

O⁺

All positive types

O⁺, O⁻

B⁻

B⁻, B⁺, AB⁻, AB⁺

B⁻, O⁻