Sports Med- Unit 1-6
Emergency Prep Notes
Emergency
Unexpected, serious situation that requires immediate attention
Weather, medical, hazardous
EAP- Emergency Action Plan
A document which states where equipment is, what to do, where to go
Location of AED at CTHS
lower commons
by pool
Athletic training room
elevator by art wing
Check, Call, Care
Check to make sure scene is safe
Call 911
Give care to the person/emergency
Physical-
Underlying health issues (history, family, current) should be done yearly
Medical Conditions we want people to know about: Diabetic, epileptic, anaphylactic (allergies)...
Back to play
Cleared: good to go play (no risk of harming self or others)
Restricted: Must fix/get healthy before you can go play (medications, surgeries..)
Disqualified: Not allowed to do specific things ever (high risk of severe injury to self or others)
Triage: order of care
Treating the most life-threatening to least
Red- Minutes to live, immediate care, nonmobile
Yellow- Delayed care, hours to live, waving
Green- minimal priority, days to live, walking
Black- nonresponsive, dead
CPR-
Check-Call-Care
Survey the scene- scene is safe
I. if the scene is safe, enter scene and check victim
ii. if not, call 911 from where you are
Check level of consciousness
a. tap and shour (physical and sound response)
b. Sternum rub (pain response)
Call 911 and get AED- initiate EAP. Once AED is on victim, leave the pads on the person
Check pulse
a. 2 fingers- Not your thumb. Location- carotid artery for adults.
b. No more than 10 seconds
Begin CPR
a. heel of hand in center of chest between nipples
b. compress hard and fast at a rate of 100 compressions per minutes
100-120 cpm is still perfect
tips: shoulder over wrists, lock out elbows, hands interlocked, do not be jerky or bouncy
2-2.5 inches deep (want to hear ribs break)
Once you get an AED
turn on
listen to instructions, all clothes belly button up must be off- pads must be on the skin
pads go on victims upper right chest and lower left side
Child CPR
Use a one handed CPR technique
Place the heel of one hand in the center of the child’s chest
Push down hard and fast about 2 inches at a rate of 100-120 per minute
Age 1-12 of puberty
Baby CPR
make sure scene is safe
check level of consciousness
tap and shout (flick foot as pain response)
Call 911/get AED
check pulse - in arm (brachial artery)
Begin CPR
2 fingers OR two thumbs
compress about 1.5 inches at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute
Child AED
turn it on
remove clothing
place pads on bare chest
a. front middle of chest and back middle between shoulder blades
listen to prompts
If you shock you must begin CPR
AED Baby-
turn it on
remove clothing
place pads on bare chest
a. Front middle of chest and back middle between shoulder blades
b. AED may have baby pads- if not its okay to use the adult pads as long as they don’t touch
listen to prompts
if your shock you must begin CPR
Respiratory System
Function: exchange CO2 and O2 in cells
Organs:
Mouth- brings air in
Nose-brings air in, warms air, and catches bacteria
Epiglottis- Flap that closes Trachea when breathing
*Trachea Windpipe
Bronchi- Split Lungs Right and Left
Bronchiole
Alveoli- air sac where gas exchanges happens (lots of surface area)
Lungs- pair of organs that house gas exchange
Diaphragm- muscle
Inhale Diaphragm Contracts
Exhale Diaphragm relaxes (happens passively and automatically)
Breathing Rate
Normal: 12-20 bpm
Tachypnea: Fast 25+ bpm dangerous
Breathing Problems:
Hyperventilation- too much breathing
Short rapid breaths creates CO2 imbalance
Treatment: CONTROLLED BREATHING
Focus on breaths
Breath in through nose, out through mouth
1 breath every 5 sec
...
Asthma Attack-
Constriction of airway
Treatment: STOP ACTIVITY
Control breathing
Inhaler
Allergic reaction
Mild: hives, itching, rash
Treatment: antihistamine
Severe: Life threatening ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Breathing problems, tongue and throat swelling
Treatment : Epipen,
Pull off blue cap, swing orange side into thigh “click”, hold 10 sec, call 911
Choking-
blocked/obstructed airway
Treatment : Adult: Keep coughing, “abdominal thrust” (heimlich),
J shape motion, hard and fast, right under the ribs
If goes unconscious begin CPR
Baby: 5 Back blows (Between shoulders) ,
5 chest compressions (between nipples)
Allows support head
Circulatory System Notes
Function: Supply cells (body) with nutrients and O2 and removes Waste and CO2
Organs:
Heart-Pump
*Artery- takes blood away from heart (deep)
Life threatening if gets cut
Viens- brings blood back to heart (superficial)
Capillaries- exchange of nutrients, O2 and waste, CO2 in the muscles
Heart Beat
Normal Resting 60-100 bpm
Slow Resting BradyCardia (slow) 40-bpm
Fast REsting Tachycardia (fast) 130+ bpm
Max HR 220-age
Blood Circulation through heart
Right to left, top to bottom
Body-R Heart-Lungs -L heart- Body
Body --(Veins) --> Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium -- (Tricuspid Valve)--> Left Ventricle --(Pulmonary Valve) → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium -- (Mitral/Bicuspid Valve) --> Left Ventricle --(Aortic Valve)--> Aorta--(Arteries)--> Body
Heart Problems
Heart Failure/ Cardiac Failure: Heart unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to the whole body.
Doesn’t pump of fill adequately
Heart Attack: blockage of blood flow to heart, w/out blood flow heart muscle tissue dies
Heart muscle dies
Cardiac Arrest: electrical disturbance to heart muscle, abnormal heart beat, arrhythmia
Bradycardia, tachycardia, ventricular Fibrillation
TREATMENT We do the same thing no matter what
CPR and AED
CPR
Scene safe
Unsafe= your life at risk
Check level of consciousness (responsiveness)
Tap and shout, sternum rub
Try to wake them up
Call 911 and get AED
AED- press power, pads go upper right lower left
Once pad on leave on
Check pulse
10 sec carotid artery
Begin CPR
Hand center of sternum at nipple line
Push hard and fast
2 hands, 1 hand, 2 fingers
100 cpm
Stop CPR if
Scene becomes unsafe, too exhausted to continue, more help arrives and takes over, life comes back.
Nervous System
Function: transmits signals as electrical impulses from 1 cell to another
Communication from the outside to the inside and back out
-Allows us to communicate and interact with our environment
Organs: Brain: all processing happened here
Spinal Cord: information travels to get to brain
Nerves: insert throughout body, intake and output sensory info
Information goes
In sensory nerves-->
spinal cord -->
Brain processes -->
Spinal cord-->
Out motor nerves
Spine and Nerves
Cervical(7)- Neck
Nerves go to arms
Thoracic (12)- Rib cage
Nerves go to organs
Lumber (5)- Lower back
Nerves go to Front Leg
Sacrum/Coccyx- Pelvis
Nerves go to back of legs and genitals
Nerve Injuries
Stinger-
-Stretching of nerves
-Results in lack of strength and motion
-Sit up until back to normal
-If multiple times can result in permanent brain damage
Pinched nerve-
-compression on nerve
-results in sharp shooting pain
-”falling asleep”
Spine Injuries
-Scene is safe
-They are responsive
-Does your neck hurt?
Numbness and tingling in arms and legs
Movement in fingers and toes
Pain directly on spine
STABILIZE HEAD
Backboarding
Goal is to stabilize head and reduce movement
Person at head is in charge
Log roll
Takes at least 3 people to safely Log roll
Brain:
Blacking out/Fainting
-Temporary loss of consciousness followed by the return to full wakefulness
-NEED TO FIND OUT WHY:
-Nutrition, dehydration, stress, over excursion
-Cause:
-Decreased blood flow to the brain
-Lack of nutrients to brain
-Low blood sugar
-Dehydration
-Lack of Oxygen
-Heart Problems
-Treatment
-Monitor Vitals
-Call 911 if this is something unexpected or has never happened before
Seizures
-Electrical system of the brain malfunctions
-Instead of discharging electrical energy in a controlled manner, the brain cells keep firing. The result may be a surge of energy through the brain, causing unconsciousness and contractions of the muscles.
Two types of seizures:
-Absent (still awake, but loss of awareness, drooping of eyelids, don’t remember what happens).
-Particle and generalized (what comes to mind when you think of a seizure)
-Treatment
-Hold head (while happening)
-on side if possible
-Recovery position
-Call 911 (if first time)
-Record how long the seizure lasted
Stroke
-Problems with the blood supply to the brain: either the blood supply is blocked, or a blood vessel within the brain ruptures, causing brain tissue to die.
Symptoms of a stroke:“B.E.F.A.S.T.”
--Balance Problems
- Eyes blurry
-Face drooping - if the person tries to smile does one side of the face droop?
-Arm weakness - if the person tries to raise both their arms does one arm drift downward?
-Speech difficulty - if the person tries to repeat a simple phrase is their speech slurred or strange?
-Time to call 911 - if any of these signs are observed, contact the emergency services.
Concussion
“Shake Violently”
-Traumatic Brain injury caused by a direct hit to the head
causes bruising, damage to the blood vessels, and injury to the nerves.
TREATMENT:
Mentally and physically rest
Concussion protocol- Nurses need to know
Need to be CLeared by a doctor
2nd impact syndrome