Unit+9+Smedes+APES+Notes+Slides+(22-23) (2)

Overview of Study Resources

• Exclusive Video Review Series: 9 units of video reviews

• Guided Notes: Comprehensive notes for key concepts

• Unit Quizzes: Assess progress post each unit

• Extra Math Practice: Additional exercises for AP Environmental Science (APES)

• Full-Length Practice Exams: Two complete practice exams

• Answer Keys: Provided for all materials

Aim

• Success in APES class tests and the final exam on May 2nd

Unit 9 - Global Change

• Resource Availability: Resources are free; donations encouraged

• Creator Information: Slides by Jordan Dischinger-Smedes, adaptations allowed

• Additional Resources: Video lectures on YouTube, daily reviews on Instagram

9.1 & 9.2 - Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Learning Objectives

• STB-4.A: Explain the importance of stratospheric ozone

Essential Knowledge

• STB-4.A.1: Crucial for life evolution and survival

• STB-4.A.2: Depletion caused by CFCs and natural factors

• STB-4.A.3: Decreased ozone increases UV rays leading to health issues

Suggested Skill

• 1.A: Describe environmental concepts and processes

Stratospheric Ozone & Life on Earth

• Function: Absorbs harmful UV radiation

• Health Benefits: Prevents skin cancer and cataracts

Anthropogenic Ozone Depletion

• CFCs: Major human-related cause of ozone breakdown

  • Mechanism: Chlorine from CFCs reacts with ozone

Natural Ozone Depletion

• Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC): Contribute to ozone breakdown in low temperatures

9.3 - Reducing Ozone Depletion

Learning Objectives

• STB-4.B: Identify CFC replacement chemicals

Essential Knowledge

• STB-4.B.1: Alternatives include HFCs and other sustainable chemicals

Suggested Skill

• 7.B: Describe potential environmental solutions

Montreal Protocol

• Global Agreement (1987): Phases out CFC production

• Transition Alternatives: HCFCs then HFCs

• Future Goals: HFC phase-out by 2030 in developing nations

Practice FRQs 9.1 & 9.2 Focus Areas

• Understand ozone's role, CFC impact, Montreal Protocol

9.4 - The Greenhouse Effect

Learning Objectives

• STB-4.C: Identify key greenhouse gases

Essential Knowledge

• STB-4.C.1: Key gases: CO2, methane, water vapor, N2O, CFCs

• STB-4.C.3: Greenhouse effect vital for Earth's temperature regulation

Environmental Concepts

• Solar Radiation Dynamics: Reflection, absorption, emission of solar rays

• Albedo Effect: Surface reflectivity affecting temperature and climate regulation

Impacts of Climate Change

• Rising Temperatures: Melting ice and resulting flooding

• Disease Expansion: Warmer climates expand vectors for diseases

Specifics on Sea Level Rise

• Thermal Expansion: Heating water increases sea levels

• Current Contributors: Melting ice sheets and increased ocean volume

Ecosystem Impacts

• Marine Ecosystems & Agriculture: Affected by climate shifts leading to species migration and food security issues.

9.5 - Invasive Species Overview

Definition & Impacts

• Invasive Species: Non-native species that disrupt local ecosystems; examples include zebra mussels and purple loosestrife.

Control Strategies

• Include legal measures, removal, biological control, and public awareness campaigns to mitigate impacts

9.6 - Endangered Species & Conservation Strategies

Factors Leading to Endangerment

• Primary causes: Overhunting, habitat loss due to urbanization and deforestation, climate change, and pollution

Conservation Measures

• Include protections against poaching, habitat preservation efforts, and restoration initiatives

9.7 - Human Actions and Biodiversity

HIPPCO Framework

• Major Threats: Habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population growth, climate change, and overexploitation

Solutions to Mitigate Loss

• Protected Areas: Establishing parks and preserves as refuges for biodiversity

• Sustainable Practices: Promoting conservation in agriculture and development to ensure resources for future generations

9.8 - Renewable Energy and Sustainability

Overview

• Emphasis on renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

Key Concepts

• Transition to renewable energy minimizes greenhouse gas emissions, reduces air pollution, and enhances energy security.

9.9 - Climate Policies and Agreements

Overview

• Discussion of international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aimed at mitigating climate change.

Key Points

• Importance of global cooperation and binding commitments to limit temperature increases and increase resilience against climate impacts.

9.10 - Future of Environmental Science

Emerging Technologies

• Innovations in green technology, bioremediation, and sustainable practices shaping the future of environmental science.

Challenges Ahead

• Addressing climate change, resource depletion, and biodiversity loss as critical areas for ongoing research and action.