Plant Science Test 1

1. How are the domains classified?  

Through their genetic sequences.

2. Describe the features of Fungi? 

Eukaryotes, cell walls with chitin, heterotrophic storage carbon as glycogen.

3. Define Algae. 

Aquatic photosynthetic life

4. What are biological mimics? 

Materials that imitate organisms in function or form.

5. Name the four properties of life. 

Respond to its environment

Evolves

Are made up of cells

Undergoes chemical reactions to stay alive (metabolism, homeostasis)

6. What is the main transport form of carbohydrates? 

Sucrose

7. What is the storage form of carbohydrates? 

Starch

8. What is the main structural form of carbohydrates? 

Cellulose

9. What part of the plant contains the most lipids? 

Seeds

10. Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated. Which plants do you have? 

Saturated: no double bonds

Unsaturated: double bonds

Plants have unsaturated.

11. How much genetic information do you share with a plant? 

40%

12. What organic compounds are produced by the plant that are not absolutely required for development? 

Secondary Products

1. Lipids

2. Proteins

3. Nucleotides

4. Carbohydrates

13. What are the four classes of secondary products? 

1. Terpenes

2. Phenolics

3. Glycosides

4. Alkaloids

14. What is the structure of a terpene? List a couple examples. 

15. What is the function of terpenes? 

Defense

16. What is a phenolic? What are the four different types?  

Compounds with unsaturated carbon ring structures.

17. What is the function of Lignins? 

Strengthen cell walls

18. What is the function of flavonoid? 

Color, protection, growth

19. What is the function of urushiol? 

Protection

20. What is the function of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)? 

Defending from predators

21. Which of the four phenolics is hydrophobic? 

Urushiol

22. Describe the features of Glycosides. 

Growth, defense against pathogens

23. How are saponins used in modern medicines? 

Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory

24. What is used to treat congestive heart failure? 

Digitoxin

25. What do saponins contain? What does it convert into?

Contains diosgenin (a phytoestrogen)

26. Describe the structure of alkaloids. List some examples and why it is produced by the plant.

Contains N-carbon ring. It’s produced as a deterrent (repellent). Some examples are nicotine, morphine, cocaine, and caffeine.

27. Why should you be careful of conium maculatum?

Deadly poison

28. How would you lower the potency of conium maculatum for humans but still be effective against insects?

Removing the shikimate pathway.

Chapter 2

29. What is cell theory?

All cells come from preexisting cells.

Cells are the basic unit of life.

All life is made of cells

30. Name the most abundant organic compound?

Cellulose

31. What is the primary cell wall composed of? Do all plants have this?

Cellulose and polysaccharides. All plants have it.

32. What is the secondary wall composed of? Do all plants have this?

Lignified tissue. Only certain plants.

33. Describe the function of the cell wall.

Provides structure to the cell and helps with transportation of water.

34. What layer of material joins the cell wall together with the adjacent cells?

Middle lamella

35. What is the middle lamella composed of?

Pectin

36. What role do microfibrils have?

Growth and shape.

37. What determines the shape of the plant and how?

Microfibrils

38. List all the plastids.

Chloroplasts

Chromoplasts

Leucoplasts

39. What are the similarities and differences of the mitochondria and chloroplasts? 

Similarities

1. Both produce energy

2. E- Transport

3. ATP Synthase

4. Double membrane

Differences

1.  Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis

40. What is the function of Leucoplasts?

Synthesis and storage of starch

41. Describe the function of chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis

42. What is the function of chromoplasts?

Pigmentation

43. What is the function of vacuole crystals?

Provide defense from herbivores.

44. Describe the function of the nucleus, nuclear pores, and nucleolus.

Nucleus: protein synthesis & cell reproduction

Nuclear pores: RNA passes through

Nucleolus: Ribosome formation

45. In 2010; artificial production of a bacterial chromosome transplanted into another bacterial cell. Did researchers create life?

No, it needs more structures.

46. How does vinicristin work as an anticancer drug?

Disrupts microtubule formation.

Chapter 9

47. How many divisions of phyla do plants have?

12

48. What is the cell wall made up of?

Cellulose

49. Which phylum does have vascular tissue?

Seedless vascular, gymnosperms, angiosperms

50. Define the alternation of generations.

The alternation between diploid and haploid stages

51. How does the gametophyte and sporophyte differ?

Gametophyte produces gametes

Sporophytes produce spores

52. What habitats are bryophytes adapted for?

Wet habitats

53. What environment are seedless vascular plants located in.

Moist environments

Chapter 3 Plant Tissues

54. What cells are responsible for cell division? How many types are there?

Meristematic cells. There are two different types. 

55. Which meristem produces primary cells?

Apical Meristem

56. What type of growth do primary cells do?

Length-wise

57. What meristem produces the secondary tissue?

Lateral meristems

58. What type of growth do secondary cells do?

Width-wise

59. What other cells are involved with lateral meristems?

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

60. What is the function of the epidermis?

Reduces water loss and protects from bacteria and pathogens

61. What is the function of trichomes?

Water absorption

62. What is the bulk of tissue of herbaceous plants?

Ground tissue

63. Describe the parenchyma, and what is its function.

Thin-walled cell walls

64. Describe the collenchyma, and what is its function.

Unevenly thickened walls of cellulose. Provides flexible support and structure.

65. Describe the Sclerenchyma, and what is its function.

Evenly-thickened, lignified walls. Provide mechanical support and strength.

66. What is the bulk of tissues in woody plants

Conducting tissue.

67. Describe the difference between xylem and phloem. 

Xylem 

1. carries water and minerals 

2. nonliving at maturity.

3. Pith

Phloem 

1. transports carbohydrates

2. living at maturity.

3. Vascular bundles

68. What is the function of the stems?

Support, structure, and elevate plant towards sun.

69. What is the difference between herbaceous and woody dicot stems?

Herbaceous: only primary ground tissue.

Woody dicot: vascular and has secondary xylem.

70. What produces secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside?

Secondary xylem produces annual rings in the inside.

Secondary phloem to the outside.

71. What is the difference between springwood and summerwood?

Springwood is lighter colored/wider cells produced during spring.

Summerwood is denser, darker colored and grows in the summer

72. What does cork cambium produce?

Produces periderm (corky outer layer)

73. What is bark composed of?

Secondary Phloem (containing sucrose), cork cambium and periderm

74. What is the function of mesophyll?

Carries out photosynthesis.

75. What is the difference between palisade and mesophyll?

Palisade absorbs light packed with chloroplasts whilst mesophyll allows for gas exchange.

76. When did the angiosperm appear in the fossil record?

77. What did leaves evolve into?

78. How many whorls are on a flower? 

4

79. What is the function of the sepal?

Protect the flower bud and support the flower’s petals.

80. What is the function of the stamen?

Produce pollen grains

81. What is the function of petals?

Attract pollinators and protect reproductive organs.

82. What does the ovary mature into?

Fruits

83. What do the ovules mature into?

Seeds

84. What is the difference between dicot and monocot flowers?

Dicot have multiples of 4s and 5s petals.

Monocots have multiples of 3s petals.

85. What are the qualities of a complete flower?

Has all whorls. 

86. What are the qualities of an incomplete flower? 

Missing one or more whorls.

87. What is a perfect and imperfect flower?

Perfect: having male and female organs.

Imperfect: unisexual (male or female, but not both)

88. What is hypogynous in a flower?

When it has its petals under its carpel

89. What is epygynous in a flower?

When it has its petals around its carpel

88. Define inflorescence. 

Cluster of flowers

89. What is palynology?

Study of pollen

90. Hay fever not caused by hay, or showy flowers, but inconspicuous flowers like ragweed?

91. What does meiosis lead to?

Microspores or pollen grains

92. What is exine?

The outer layer of a pollen grain or spore.

93. What does the remaining megaspore divide into?

Forms megagametophyte

94. What does pollen land on?

On the stigma

95. What advantage is there of stamens and carpels maturing at different times?

It ensures that the plant receives pollen from another plant, encouraging genetic diversity and healthier offspring.

96. Compare animal vs. wind pollination.

Animal pollination occurs when pollinators pick up pollen from a specific flower and deposit it in another plant. This allows them to produce less pollen and still reproduce.

Wind pollination occurs when the wind transports the pollen without involving animals. They have to produce more pollen, but don’t rely on animals.

97. Why would extreme specialization between pollinator and flower be both advantage and drawback?

Because when the extreme pollinator goes extinct, so will the plant it pollinates. However, the advantages it comes with is that the pollinator becomes extremely good at polliniting this particular plant, allowing for the populations of both to grow, and reduces competitiveness. 

98. As the pollen tube grows, what is produced?

Two sperm cells.

99. Explain the process post-fertilization.

Perianth and stamen wither.

Ovary becomes fruit

Ovules become seeds

Integuments of ovules become seed coats.