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APUSH Semester Study Guide

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1. Pre-Columbian Societies

Definition: Native American cultures existing in the Americas before European contact, including advanced civilizations like the Maya, Aztec, and Inca, as well as diverse groups in North America.

2. Iroquois Confederacy

Definition: A powerful alliance of six Native American tribes in the northeastern U.S., known for their political and military strength and playing a key role in colonial conflicts.

3. Olmec Civilization

Definition: One of the earliest Mesoamerican civilizations, known for colossal stone heads and advancements in art, religion, and architecture.

4. Encomienda System

Definition: A Spanish labor system where settlers were granted land and the right to extract forced labor from local Native Americans in exchange for Christianizing them.

5. Asiento System

Definition: Spanish system that allowed for the importation of African slaves to the New World, in exchange for a tax paid to the Spanish crown for each slave brought in.

6. Christopher Columbus

Definition: An Italian explorer whose 1492 voyage, funded by Spain, led to the European discovery of the Americas. His “discovery” began the widespread colonization of the Western Hemisphere.

7. Columbian Exchange

Definition: The exchange of goods, crops, animals, and diseases between the New World and Old World after 1492, which transformed the economies, societies, and environments of both continents.

8. Conquistadors

Definition: Spanish explorers and soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas. Notable figures include Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.

9. John Smith

Definition: English explorer and leader of the Jamestown colony. His leadership and interactions with Native Americans, particularly the Powhatan Confederacy, helped the colony survive its early years.

10. Joint-Stock Company

Definition: A business venture where investors pool their resources to fund colonial ventures. Examples include the Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company.

11. Jamestown (1607)

Definition: The first permanent English colony in America, founded in Virginia by the Virginia Company. It initially struggled due to disease, famine, and conflict with Native Americans.

12. John Rolfe

Definition: English settler who introduced tobacco cultivation to Jamestown, which became a cash crop and helped ensure the colony's survival.

13. Tobacco

Definition: The primary cash crop of the Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland), driving economic growth and the demand for labor, including enslaved Africans.

14. House of Burgesses

Definition: The first elected legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia in 1619, marking the beginning of representative government in the colonies.

15. Mayflower Compact

Definition: A 1620 agreement signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower, establishing a self-governing colony in Plymouth, based on majority rule.

16. Puritans

Definition: English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England, believing in strict religious observance and the creation of a godly community.

17. Pilgrims

Definition: English separatists who fled religious persecution and founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620, seeking religious freedom and autonomy.

18. Massachusetts Bay Colony

Definition: A Puritan colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, known for its theocratic government and its desire to be a “city upon a hill” as a model of Christian charity.

19. "City on a Hill"

Definition: Phrase used by John Winthrop to describe Massachusetts Bay Colony, emphasizing the Puritans' vision of creating a model Christian society.

20. Great Migration (1630s)

Definition: The movement of over 20,000 Puritans to New England in the 1630s, driven by religious persecution in England and the desire to build a godly community.

21. Roger Williams

Definition: A Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island after being banished from Massachusetts Bay for advocating religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

22. Anne Hutchinson

Definition: A Puritan woman banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her religious beliefs, which challenged the Puritan clergy’s authority.

23. Plymouth Colony

Definition: The second permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1620 by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom.

24. Halfway Covenant

Definition: A Puritan solution to declining church membership that allowed partial membership and baptism for the descendants of original church members.

25. Pequot War (1636-1638)

Definition: A conflict between the Pequot tribe and English settlers in Connecticut, leading to the near destruction of the Pequot people.

26. King Philip's War (1675-1678)

Definition: A violent conflict between Native American tribes, led by Metacom (King Philip), and English settlers in New England. It resulted in widespread destruction and the collapse of Native American power in the region.

27. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Definition: A revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley, protesting the government’s failure to protect settlers from Native American attacks and the growing wealth gap.

28. Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

Definition: A law passed in Maryland that granted religious freedom to all Christians, particularly Catholics, in a colony founded as a safe haven for Catholics.

29. Headright System

Definition: A system in which settlers received 50 acres of land for paying for their own or someone else's passage to the colonies, leading to large land holdings in Virginia and Maryland.

30. Indentured Servitude

Definition: Labor system where poor Europeans worked for 4-7 years in exchange for passage to the colonies. Afterward, they were free but often faced difficult conditions.

31. Slave Codes

Definition: Laws that defined the status of slaves and established the legal basis for slavery in the colonies, ensuring it was a permanent and hereditary condition.

32. Triangular Trade

Definition: A three-part trading system: raw materials from the colonies to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa, and enslaved Africans to the Americas.

33. Middle Passage

Definition: The brutal voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in which African slaves were transported to the Americas, often under horrific conditions.

34. Mercantilism

Definition: An economic theory that colonies exist to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials and serving as markets for manufactured goods.

35. Navigation Acts (1651-1673)

Definition: British laws that restricted colonial trade, requiring that goods be shipped on English ships and only to English ports, thus benefiting England economically but causing resentment in the colonies.

36. Dominion of New England

Definition: A short-lived consolidation of New England colonies under the direct control of the British government, led by Sir Edmund Andros, which was unpopular and ended after the Glorious Revolution.

37. Glorious Revolution (1688)

Definition: The overthrow of King James II of England, leading to the ascension of William and Mary. It resulted in greater parliamentary power and the end of the Dominion of New England.

38. William Penn

Definition: Founder of Pennsylvania, a colony established as a refuge for Quakers, emphasizing religious tolerance and good relations with Native Americans.

39. Quakers

Definition: A religious group known for their beliefs in equality, pacifism, and direct communion with God. They founded Pennsylvania and promoted religious tolerance.

40. New Amsterdam

Definition: A Dutch settlement that later became New York. It was a major commercial hub and the site of initial tensions between English and Dutch settlers.

41. New England Confederation (1643)

Definition: A military alliance of the New England colonies (Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven) formed to defend against Native American and Dutch threats.

42. Royal Colony

Definition: A colony under the direct control of the monarchy, such as Virginia after 1624, where the king appointed the governor.

43. Proprietary Colony

Definition: A colony granted by the king to an individual or group, such as Maryland or Pennsylvania, where the proprietor had significant control over the government.

44. Corporate Colony

Definition: A colony established by a joint-stock company, such as Jamestown, where investors controlled the colony's affairs.

45. Roger Williams

Definition: Religious dissenter and founder of Rhode Island, advocating for the separation of church and state and the fair treatment of Native Americans.

46. Anne Hutchinson

Definition: Religious dissenter in Massachusetts Bay Colony, banished for her antinomian beliefs, she helped promote religious tolerance in the colonies.

47. Georgia

Definition: The last of the 13 colonies to be founded, created as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida and as a place for debtors to start anew.

48. Slave Trade

Definition: The forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas for slavery, crucial to the plantation economy in the southern colonies.

49. Slave Codes

Definition: Laws that defined the legal status of slaves and established that slavery was hereditary, institutionalizing racial slavery in the southern colonies.

50. Growth of Population

Definition: The rapid population growth in the American colonies during the 18th century, fueled by immigration from Britain, Ireland, Germany, and other European nations, as well as high birth rates and the importation of enslaved Africans.

51. Slavery's Role in Population Growth

Definition: Enslaved Africans were a significant factor in the population increase, especially in the Southern colonies, where slavery became a major part of the agricultural economy.

52. Colonial American Ideals

Definition: The early foundations of American ideals, including individualism, self-government, and religious freedom, were shaped by the diverse social and economic environments of the colonies.

53. Self-Government

Definition: Although the British monarchy retained ultimate authority, many colonies developed their own systems of self-government, with locally elected assemblies and limited suffrage.

54. Colonial Assemblies

Definition: Elected representative bodies in each colony that passed laws and managed finances, often challenging the authority of royal governors appointed by the British crown.

55. Religious Freedom

Definition: Religious tolerance varied across the colonies, with places like Pennsylvania and Rhode Island being more accepting of non-Christian faiths, while Massachusetts Bay maintained strict Puritan religious conformity.

56. No Hereditary Aristocracy

Definition: Unlike European societies, colonial America did not have a formal aristocracy. Social mobility was possible, and class divisions were based more on wealth and occupation than inherited titles.

57. Social Mobility

Definition: The ability for individuals in colonial America to improve their social and economic status through hard work, education, and acquiring land, which was less restricted than in Europe.

58. Family Life in the Colonies

Definition: Family structures in the colonies were centered around farming, with women largely responsible for household duties, children working on farms, and men owning property and making key decisions.

59. Role of Women in Colonial Society

Definition: Women in colonial America had limited political rights but were central to the family economy, taking care of children, managing domestic labor, and often contributing to agricultural work.

60. Economy of New England

Definition: The economy of New England was based on shipbuilding, fishing, timber, and small-scale farming. Slavery was less prominent in this region compared to the Southern colonies.

61. Economy of the Middle Colonies

Definition: The middle colonies, such as Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, had fertile soil for wheat, corn, and other crops, and were more diverse in terms of labor, with some use of enslaved people and indentured servants.

62. Economy of the Southern Colonies

Definition: The Southern colonies relied on cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo, with large plantations and the widespread use of enslaved African labor.

63. Money and Currency in the Colonies

Definition: The colonies primarily used British gold and silver for transactions. Efforts to create paper money led to inflation and economic instability in some regions.

64. The Enlightenment

Definition: A European intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. It influenced colonial thinking, including ideas about government, liberty, and the role of the individual.

65. John Locke

Definition: English philosopher whose writings, particularly the "Second Treatise of Government," argued for natural rights (life, liberty, and property), consent of the governed, and the right of people to revolt against unjust governments. His ideas influenced American political thought.

66. Natural Rights

Definition: The Enlightenment idea, championed by John Locke, that all individuals are born with certain inalienable rights, including life, liberty, and property, which governments must protect.

67. Great Awakening

Definition: A religious revival movement in the 1730s-1740s, led by preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, that emphasized emotional experiences of faith and the need for personal salvation.

68. Jonathan Edwards

Definition: A New England preacher and theologian whose fiery sermons, like "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," were central to the Great Awakening, stressing the need for personal repentance and salvation.

69. George Whitefield

Definition: An itinerant preacher and key figure in the Great Awakening, known for his dramatic sermons and emphasis on personal conversion and emotional religious experiences.

70. New Lights vs. Old Lights

Definition: The division within the Protestant Church caused by the Great Awakening. New Lights supported the emotional, revivalist style of worship, while Old Lights rejected it, preferring traditional, more formal services.

71. Emotionalism in Religion

Definition: A key feature of the Great Awakening, where preachers emphasized emotional, personal, and direct religious experiences over the formal and intellectual worship of previous generations.

72. The Impact of the Great Awakening

Definition: The Great Awakening helped foster a sense of unity and shared experience across the colonies, encouraged religious tolerance, and contributed to the development of American identity.

73. Art and Literature in the Colonies

Definition: The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening spurred the development of American literature, art, and culture, contributing to a sense of colonial nationalism and the development of a distinctly American cultural identity.

74. Education in the Colonies

Definition: The Enlightenment led to the creation of more educational institutions, including Princeton, Columbia, Dartmouth, and others, which helped to educate a new class of professionals, including doctors, lawyers, and politicians.

75. American Universities

Definition: The founding of several important American colleges in the 18th century, such as Princeton, Harvard, Yale, and Columbia, which emphasized a curriculum based on Enlightenment principles.

76. The Role of Education in Colonial Society

Definition: Education in the colonies was initially focused on religious instruction, but the influence of the Enlightenment broadened the curriculum to include literature, science, and philosophy, creating a more educated populace.

77. Colonial Nationalism

Definition: The growing sense of distinct American identity in the 18th century, spurred by shared experiences, Enlightenment ideas, and a growing sense of self-government and independence from Britain.

78. Print Revolution

Definition: The spread of newspapers, pamphlets, and books in the colonies, which increased the circulation of ideas, including those from the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, contributing to the development of colonial thought and culture.

79. Enlightenment Thinkers in America

Definition: Figures like Benjamin Franklin, who was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, promoted scientific discoveries, practical inventions, and a more rational approach to human society.

80. Benjamin Franklin

Definition: A key figure in American Enlightenment thought, known for his contributions to science, political theory, and his role in the development of American civic life and diplomacy.

81. Seven Years' War (French & Indian War)

Definition: The final conflict in a series of four wars fought between European powers, with Britain and France vying for control over North American territories. It solidified British colonial supremacy and had lasting effects on colonial relations.

82. Albany Plan of Union

Definition: Proposed by Benjamin Franklin to create a unified colonial government for wartime efforts, including taxation and military coordination. It was rejected but set a precedent for later unity in the colonies.

83. Treaty of Paris (1763)

Definition: The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War, where Britain gained substantial territory, including Canada and land east of the Mississippi River, establishing British dominance in North America.

84. Proclamation of 1763

Definition: Issued by Britain to prevent colonial expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with Native Americans, this move angered colonists who had hoped to settle western lands.

85. Pontiac’s Rebellion

Definition: An uprising led by Chief Pontiac in 1763 against British rule and colonial expansion. The rebellion was sparked by British policies after the French and Indian War, leading to further tensions with Britain.

86. Sugar Act (Revenue Act of 1764)

Definition: British law that taxed sugar and molasses imported into the colonies to raise revenue, tightening enforcement against smuggling and marking the beginning of direct taxation on colonists.

87. Quartering Act (1765)

Definition: Required American colonists to provide housing and provisions for British soldiers stationed in the colonies, exacerbating colonial resentment towards British authority.

88. Stamp Act (1765)

Definition: A direct tax on legal documents, newspapers, and other printed materials in the colonies. This was the first direct tax on American colonists and led to widespread protests and boycotts.

89. Stamp Act Congress

Definition: A meeting of nine colonies in 1765 that petitioned for the repeal of the Stamp Act and asserted that only colonial assemblies had the right to tax colonists, establishing the principle of "No taxation without representation."

90. Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Definition: Radical groups that formed to protest the Stamp Act and other British laws. They organized boycotts, intimidated tax collectors, and sometimes resorted to violence to challenge British policies.

91. Declaratory Act (1766)

Definition: A British law stating that Parliament had the right to legislate and tax the colonies "in all cases whatsoever," which was issued after the repeal of the Stamp Act but angered colonists by asserting British authority.

92. Townshend Acts (1767)

Definition: A series of laws that imposed taxes on imported goods like tea, glass, and paper. The revenues were used to pay British officials in the colonies, reducing the power of colonial assemblies.

93. John Dickinson’s Letters from a Farmer

Definition: A series of essays written by John Dickinson arguing that the Townshend Acts were unconstitutional because they taxed without representation. The pamphlets gained widespread attention and rallied colonial opposition.

94. Circular Letter (1768)

Definition: A letter written by Samuel Adams and James Otis that called for resistance to the Townshend Acts. It was widely circulated, leading to boycotts and increasing tensions between Britain and the colonies.

95. Boston Massacre (1770)

Definition: A confrontation between British soldiers and colonial protesters in Boston that led to the deaths of five colonists. The incident inflamed anti-British sentiment and was used as propaganda to rally colonial opposition.

96. Boston Tea Party (1773)

Definition: A protest against the Tea Act in which American colonists, disguised as Native Americans, dumped tea into Boston Harbor. It escalated tensions with Britain and led to punitive measures like the Coercive Acts.

97. Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

Definition: A series of laws passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, which included closing Boston's port, limiting Massachusetts' self-government, and expanding the Quartering Act, all aimed at punishing the colonies.

98. Enlightenment Ideas in the Colonies

Definition: Intellectual movement that emphasized reason, natural rights, and individual liberty. John Locke's ideas on government and human rights influenced colonial leaders and helped shape the principles of the American Revolution.

99. First Continental Congress (1774)

Definition: A meeting of colonial delegates to discuss colonial resistance to the Intolerable Acts. The Congress organized a boycott of British goods, petitioned the king, and agreed to meet again if their demands were not met.

100. Lexington and Concord (1775)

Definition: The first battles of the American Revolution, fought between British troops and colonial militias. The “shot heard ‘round the world” marked the start of armed conflict between Britain and its American colonies.

101. Bunker Hill (1775)

Definition: A major early battle of the Revolution in which colonial forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British, though the British ultimately won. It demonstrated the resolve of the colonists.

102. Second Continental Congress (1775)

Definition: Convened after the battles of Lexington and Concord, this Congress managed the war effort, created the Continental Army led by George Washington, and ultimately issued the Olive Branch Petition to the king.

103. Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Definition: A final attempt by the Second Continental Congress to reconcile with King George III, expressing loyalty but also requesting the protection of colonial rights. The king rejected it and declared the colonies in rebellion.

104. Common Sense (1776)

Definition: A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued for complete independence from Britain. It was widely read and persuaded many colonists to support independence, using clear language and emotional appeal.

105. Declaration of Independence (1776)

Definition: A document drafted by Thomas Jefferson declaring the colonies' independence from Britain. It listed grievances against King George III and emphasized the principles of liberty and the right to self-governance.

106. Patriots

Definition: Colonists who supported independence from Britain, mainly from New England and Virginia, and who fought in the Revolutionary War under the leadership of George Washington.

107. Tories (Loyalists)

Definition: Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War. They were most prominent in places like New York, New Jersey, and Georgia and often fought alongside British forces.

108. French Alliance

Definition: France entered the American Revolution on the side of the Patriots after the Battle of Saratoga. Their support, including military and financial aid, was crucial to the eventual American victory.

109. Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Definition: A pivotal American victory that convinced France to formally ally with the Patriots. It was a turning point in the Revolutionary War and helped boost American morale.

110. Yorktown (1781)

Definition: The final battle of the Revolutionary War, where General Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington, effectively ending the war and securing American independence.

111. Treaty of Paris (1783)

Definition: The treaty that ended the American Revolution. It recognized American independence, set the Mississippi River as the western border, and gave Americans fishing rights off the coast of Canada.

112. Articles of Confederation

Definition: The first constitution of the United States, ratified in 1781. It established a unicameral Congress but gave limited power to the federal government, leading to challenges in taxation and governance.

113. Land Ordinance of 1785

Definition: A law passed under the Articles of Confederation that set a system for surveying and selling western lands to fund the government and support settlement.

114. Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Definition: A law that organized the territories from the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into future states, prohibited slavery in the region, and established a process for new states to join the Union.

115. Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787)

Definition: A rebellion led by Daniel Shays and other farmers in Massachusetts protesting high taxes, debt imprisonment, and lack of paper money. The rebellion exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger federal government.

116. Role of Women in the Revolution

Definition: Women supported the war by managing farms and businesses, acting as nurses, cooks, and some even fighting. Abigail Adams was a notable advocate for women's rights during this time.

117. Articles of Confederation (AOC)

Weak federal government, troubling foreign relations, and economic instability. Led to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

118. Annapolis Convention (1786)

Meeting led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, calling for a revision of the Articles of Confederation, eventually leading to the Constitutional Convention.

119. Constitutional Convention (1787)

Meeting in Philadelphia where delegates, except from Rhode Island, met to draft a new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.

120. Key Figures at the Constitutional Convention

George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and Gouverneur Morris played central roles in drafting the Constitution.

121. Virginia Plan

Proposed by James Madison, it favored large states by advocating for representation based on population.

122. New Jersey Plan

Proposed by smaller states, it favored equal representation for all states, regardless of size.

123. Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan)

Created a bicameral legislature: the House of Representatives (based on population) and the Senate (with equal representation for all states).

124. 3/5 Compromise

Agreement counting three out of five slaves for representation and taxation purposes, benefiting Southern states.

125. Commerce Compromise

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate commerce but prohibited tariffs on exports, which was a point of contention between Northern and Southern states.

126. Presidency under the Constitution

Established a four-year presidential term with veto power, and the president would be elected by an electoral college.

127. Federalists

Supporters of the new Constitution, including figures like George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, advocating for a strong federal government.

128. Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong central government and wanted to amend the Articles of Confederation instead of replacing them.

129. Federalist Papers

A series of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay that argued in favor of the U.S. Constitution and a strong federal government.

130. Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect individual liberties and prevent governmental tyranny, largely due to Anti-Federalist pressure.

131. Democratic-Republicans

The political party that evolved from the Anti-Federalists after the adoption of the Constitution, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, advocating for states' rights and limited federal government.

132. Washington’s Presidency (1789-1797)

George Washington set precedents such as the creation of a Cabinet, a two-term limit for presidents, and the practice of neutrality in foreign affairs.

133. Washington’s Cabinet

Key members included Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State), Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury), Henry Knox (Secretary of War), and Edmund Randolph (Attorney General).

134. Hamilton’s Financial Program

Alexander Hamilton’s plan to stabilize the economy, including paying off national debt, creating a national bank, and implementing tariffs to protect American industry.

135. Opposition to Hamilton’s Financial Program

Thomas Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists opposed Hamilton’s plan, particularly the creation of a national bank, arguing it was unconstitutional. Hamilton argued it was justified by the "necessary and proper" clause.

136. Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

Issued by President George Washington, it declared that the United States would remain neutral in foreign conflicts, especially the French Revolution.

137. Jay Treaty (1794)

Treaty between the U.S. and Britain, where Britain agreed to evacuate posts on the Western frontier but did not address the issue of impressment, angering many Americans.

138. Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Treaty with Spain that granted the U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River and gained new territory in the western frontier.

139. Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Treaty between the U.S. and Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley, in which Native tribes ceded large portions of land to the U.S.

140. Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

A rebellion by farmers in Pennsylvania protesting federal excise taxes on whiskey. Washington’s strong response, including military intervention, demonstrated the power of the new Constitution.

141. Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)

Washington warned against permanent foreign alliances, political parties, and sectionalism, urging national unity and neutrality in international conflicts.

142. John Adams’ Presidency (1797-1801)

John Adams, a Federalist, served as the second president, focusing on foreign policy issues like the XYZ Affair and the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts.

143. XYZ Affair (1797-1798)

Diplomatic incident between the U.S. and France in which French officials demanded bribes from American diplomats. It led to widespread anti-French sentiment in the U.S.

144. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

A series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress aimed at suppressing dissent and limiting the influence of immigrants, particularly those who supported the Democratic-Republicans.

145. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

Political statements written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, arguing that states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

146. Election of 1800

A highly contested election between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republicans) and John Adams (Federalist). Jefferson’s victory marked the peaceful transition of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

147. “Revolution of 1800”

Thomas Jefferson’s description of the peaceful transfer of power in the 1800 election, marking a shift from Federalist to Democratic-Republican control of the government.

Sure! Here are the baseline definitions for Federalists and Anti-Federalists:

148. Federalists

Supported a strong national government and the U.S. Constitution, advocating for a centralized power to maintain order and unity.

149. Anti-Federalists

Opposed the U.S. Constitution, fearing it gave too much power to the national government and lacked protections for individual rights.
Jefferson’s Presidency
- Tried to unite Dem-Reps & Federalists; limit power of federal government.
Louisiana Purchase
- Jefferson bought land from France, doubling US size, challenging strict interpretation of Constitution, and removing European presence.
John Marshall & SCOTUS
- Federalist Chief Justice; often opposed Jefferson.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
- Established judicial review—SCOTUS decides on constitutionality of laws.
Aaron Burr
- Opposed Jefferson; involved in Federalist secession conspiracy; killed Hamilton in a duel.
Embargo Act (1807)
- Halted all US trade to pressure Britain & France; hurt US economy.
Nonintercourse Act (1809)
- Repealed Embargo Act; allowed trade with all except Britain & France.
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
- Restored trade; stopped trade with Britain after Napoleon's agreement.
War of 1812
- Causes: Impressment, Native conflicts, British aid to Natives, warhawks' pressure.
- Warhawks: Led by Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun; pushed for war.
- Treaty of Ghent: Ended war; pre-war boundaries restored.
Hartford Convention
- Federalists opposed war; weakened Federalist Party further.
War’s Legacy
- Nationalism, Native losses, US industrialization, Federalist collapse, rising war heroes (Jackson, Harrison).

Chapter 8: Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good Feelings
- Post-War of 1812 nationalism; single-party rule (Dem-Reps); overshadowed by debates over tariffs, banks, and Panic of 1819.
James Monroe
- 5th president; represented growing nationalism.
Henry Clay’s American System
- 3 parts: Protective tariffs, National Bank, internal improvements.
Tariff of 1816
- First protective tariff to boost US industries.
Panic of 1819
- First financial crisis; caused by National Bank credit tightening and land speculation.
SCOTUS Cases (John Marshall)
- Fletcher v. Peck: States can’t invalidate contracts.
- McCulloch v. Maryland: National Bank is constitutional; federal > state power.
- Gibbons v. Ogden: Only federal gov can regulate interstate commerce.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
- Henry Clay’s plan: Missouri slave state, Maine free state, 36°30' slavery border line.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
- Europe warned to stay out of Western Hemisphere affairs.
Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)
- US bought Florida from Spain.
Market Revolution
- Eli Whitney: Cotton gin revolutionized Southern cotton production.
- Samuel Slater: Water-powered textile mills in NE.
Lowell System
- Factory system employing young women in NE textile mills.
Social Mobility
- Greater economic opportunity in US than Europe, though still challenging.
Slavery Expansion
- Fueled by cotton gin & westward land expansion despite hopes it would decline.

Chapter 9: Sectionalism

Q1: What were the economic focuses of the North during the era of sectionalism?
A: Immigration, industry, commercial farming (steel plow, mechanical reaper for corn & wheat in Northwest), and transportation.

Q2: What major court case allowed unions and strikes to be legal?
A: Commonwealth v. Hunt.

Q3: How were African Americans treated in the North?
A: They were free but had limited rights, often worked low-income jobs, and were used as strikebreakers.

Q4: Why did Irish and Germans immigrate to the United States?
A: They fled famines and revolutions, seeking economic opportunities.

Q5: What was the Nativist response to immigration?
A: Nativists feared immigrants would take jobs, weaken Anglo-Saxon culture, and distrusted Catholic Irish and Germans.

Q6: What were the main agricultural products of the South?
A: Tobacco, rice, and cotton (“King Cotton”).

Q7: What was the “Peculiar Institution”?
A: Slavery; Southerners began defending it using religious and historical arguments, claiming it was good for both master and slave.

Q8: What forms did slave resistance take?
A: Work slowdowns, sabotage, escape, and uprisings (e.g., Nat Turner’s revolt in 1831).

Q9: Describe the white social hierarchy in the South.
A: Aristocrats (100+ slaves), farmers (~20 slaves), and poor farmers (no slaves); most supported slavery in hopes of owning slaves one day.

Q10: Where were Native Americans pushed during westward expansion?
A: Beyond the Mississippi River, primarily into the Great Plains.

Chapter 10: Jacksonian Era

Q11: What was Jacksonian Democracy?
A: An era of popular politics where the “common man” gained more political influence.

Q12: What was Universal Male Suffrage?
A: By 1840, almost all states allowed all white males to vote and hold office, removing property restrictions.

Q13: How did party nominating conventions change political participation?
A: Candidates were now chosen by common citizens instead of closed-door caucuses.

Q14: What was the Spoils System?
A: Jackson appointed government jobs based on loyalty rather than merit, rotating office holders to give more people a voice.

Q15: What was the “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824?
A: Henry Clay helped John Quincy Adams win the presidency in exchange for being named Secretary of State.

Q16: What caused the Nullification Crisis?
A: South Carolina nullified the 1828 and 1832 tariffs; Jackson saw this as treason and prepared military action, leading to a compromise.

Q17: What was the Indian Removal Act (1830)?
A: It forced Native Americans west of the Mississippi River, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Q18: How did Jackson handle the National Bank?
A: He vetoed its recharter, distributed funds to “pet banks,” and required gold/silver payments (Specie Circular), leading to the Panic of 1837.

Q19: What two parties emerged during Jackson's presidency?
A: Democrats (states’ rights, pro-slavery, led by Jackson) and Whigs (strong central government, anti-slavery, led by Henry Clay).

Q20: Who won the election of 1840, and why?
A: William Henry Harrison (Whig) defeated Van Buren due to economic issues from the Panic of 1837.

Chapter 11: Antebellum Reform

Q21: What was the Second Great Awakening?
A: A religious revival movement led by Timothy Dwight and Charles Finney that emphasized emotions and salvation.

Q22: Who were the Mormons, and where did they settle?
A: Followers of Joseph Smith who fled to Utah due to persecution over polygamy.

Q23: What was Transcendentalism, and who were its leaders?
A: A movement promoting self-reliance and individualism; led by Ralph Emerson and Henry David Thoreau (advocated civil disobedience).

Q24: What reforms did Dorothea Dix fight for?
A: Better treatment of the mentally ill and improved public asylums.

Q25: What reforms did Horace Mann lead?
A: Public education, moral instruction, and increased access to schooling.

Q26: What was the Cult of Domesticity?
A: The belief that women were moral leaders within the home.

Q27: What was the Seneca Falls Convention (1848), and what did it produce?
A: The first women’s rights convention organized by Stanton and Mott; it produced the Declaration of Sentiments, advocating for equality and suffrage.

Q28: What were the different approaches to ending slavery?
A:

American Colonization Society: Gradual emancipation, sending freed slaves to Africa.
American Anti-Slavery Society: William Garrison’s immediate abolition movement.
Frederick Douglass: Direct action to end slavery and prejudice.

Q29: How did David Walker and Henry Garnet advocate for abolition?
A: They encouraged violent slave revolts.

Q30: Why did the South resist reform movements?
A: They saw reforms, especially abolition, as threats to the Southern way of life.