BIOL 1500 Chapter 1-4 Review Flashcards

Chapter 1-4 Review: BIOL 1500 with Dr. Nadeem

Word Parts

• Medical terms are constructed from word parts:
  • Prefix: Added to the beginning of a word.
  • Word Root: Core meaning of the word.
  • Suffix: Added to the end of a word.
  • Combining Vowel: Usually an "o", used to link word parts. 5
  • Combining Form: Combination of the word root and the combining vowel.

Prefixes (MEMORIZE!)

• a-: without
• ab-: away from
• ad-: toward
• allo-: other, different from usual
• an-: without
• ante-: before, in front of
• anti-: against
• auto-: self
• bi-: two
• brady-: slow
• circum-: around
• contra-: against
• de-: without
• di-: two
• dis-: apart
• dys-: painful; difficult; abnormal
• e-: outward
• endo-: within; inner
• epi-: above
• eso-: inward
• eu-: normal
• ex-: outward
• exo-: outward
• extra-: outside of
• hemi-: half
• hetero-: different
• homo-: same
• hyper-: excessive
• hypo-: below; insufficient
• in-: not; inward
• inter-: between
• intra-: within
• macro-: large
• micro-: small
• mono-: one
• multi-: many
• myo-: to shut
• neo-: new
• non-: not
• nulli-: none
• pan-: all
• para-: beside; abnormal; two like parts of a pair
• per-: through
• peri-: around
• poly-: many
• post-: after
• pre-: before
• primi-: first
• pro-: before
• pseudo-: false
• quadri-: four
• re-: again
• retro-: backward; behind
• semi-: partial
• sub-: under
• tachy-: fast
• tetra-: four
• trans-: across
• tri-: three
• ultra-: beyond
• un-: not
• xeno-: foreign

Suffixes (MEMORIZE!)

• -ac: pertaining to
• -al: pertaining to
• -algia: pain
• -an: pertaining to
• -apheresis: removal, carry away
• -ar: pertaining to
• -arche: beginning
• -ary: pertaining to
• -asthenia: weakness
• -atic: pertaining to
• -blast: immature
• -capnia: carbon dioxide
• -cardia: heart condition
• -cele: protrusion
• -centesis: puncture to withdraw fluid
• -cide: to kill
• -clasia: to surgically break
• -crit: separation of
• -cusis: hearing
• -cyesis: state of pregnancy
• -cyte: cell
• -cytic: pertaining to cells
• -cytosis: more than the normal number of cells
• -derma: skin condition
• -desis: to fuse
• -dipsia: thirst
• -dynia: pain
• -eal: pertaining to
• -ectasis: dilation
• -ectomy: surgical removal
• -edema: swelling
• -emesis: vomiting
• -emic: pertaining to a blood condition
• -emetic: pertaining to vomiting
• -emia: blood condition
• -gen: that which produces
• -genesis: produces
• -genic: producing
• -globin: protein
• -globulin: protein
• -gram: record
• -graph: to record
• -graphy: process of recording
• -gravida: pregnant woman
• -ia: condition
• -iac: pertaining to
• -iasis: abnormal condition
• -iatric: pertaining to medical treatment
• -iatrist: physician
• -iatry: medical treatment
• -ic: pertaining to
• -ical: pertaining to
• -ician: specialist
• -ile: pertaining to
• -ine: pertaining to
• -ion: action
• -ior: pertaining to
• -ism: state of
• -ist: specialist
• -istry: specialty of
• -itis: inflammation
• -kinesia: movement
• -lepsy: seizure
• -listhesis: slipping
• -lith: stone
• -lithiasis: condition of stones
• -logic: pertaining to study of
• -logist: one who studies
• -logy: study of
• -lysis: to destroy (to break down)
• -lytic: destruction
• -malacia: abnormal softening
• -mania: frenzy
• -manometer: instrument to measure pressure
• -megaly: enlarged
• -meter: instrument for measuring
• -metrist: specialist in measuring
• -metry: process of measuring
• -nic: pertaining to
• -oid: resembling
• -ole: small
• -oma: tumor, mass
• -opia: vision condition
• -opsia: vision condition
• -opsy: view of
• -orexia: appetite
• -ory: pertaining to
• -ose: pertaining to
• -osis: abnormal condition
• -osmia: smell
• -ostomy: surgically create an opening
• -otia: ear condition
• -otomy: cutting into
• -ous: pertaining to
• -para: to bear (offspring)
• -paresis: weakness
• -partum: childbirth
• -pathy: disease
• -penia: abnormal decrease, too few
• -pepsia: digestion
• -pexy: surgical fixation
• -phage: to eat
• -phagia: eat, swallow
• -phasia: speech
• -phil: attracted to
• -philia: condition of being attracted to
• -philic: pertaining to being attracted to
• -phobia: fear
• -phonia: voice
• -phoresis: carrying
• -phoria: condition to bear
• -phylaxis: protection
• -plasia: formation of cells
• -plasm: formation
• -plastic: pertaining to formation
• -plastin: formation
• -plasty: surgical repair
• -plegia: paralysis
• -pnea: breathing
• -poiesis: formation
• -porosis: porous
• -prandial: pertaining to a meal
• -pressor: to press down
• -ptosis: drooping
• -ptysis: spitting
• -rrhage: abnormal flow
• -rrhagia: abnormal flow condition
• -rrhagic: pertaining to abnormal flow
• -rrhaphy: to suture
• -rrhea: discharge
• -rrhexis: rupture
• -salpinx: uterine tube
• -sclerosis: hardening
• -scope: instrument for viewing
• -scopic: pertaining to visually examining
• -scopy: process of visually examining
• -spasm: involuntary muscle contraction
• -spermia: condition of sperm
• -stasis: standing still
• -stenosis: narrowing
• -taxia: muscle coordination
• -tension: pressure
• -therapy: treatment
• -thorax: chest
• -tic: pertaining to
• -tocia: labor, childbirth
• -tome: instrument to cut
• -tonia: tone
• -tonic: pertaining to tone
• -toxic: pertaining to poison
• -tripsy: surgical crushing
• -trophic: pertaining to development
• -trophy: development
• -tropia: turned condition
• -tropic: pertaining to stimulating
• -tropin: to stimulate
• -ule: small
• -uria: condition of the urine

Suffix Examples

• -ac: pertaining to (cardiac: pertaining to the heart)
• -al: pertaining to (duodenal: pertaining to the duodenum)
• -an: pertaining to (ovarian: pertaining to the ovary)
• -ar: pertaining to (ventricular: pertaining to a ventricle)
• -ary: pertaining to (pulmonary: pertaining to the lungs)
• -atic: pertaining to (lymphatic: pertaining to lymph)
• -eal: pertaining to (esophageal: pertaining to the esophagus)
• -iac: pertaining to (chondriac: pertaining to cartilage)
• -ic: pertaining to (gastric: pertaining to the stomach)
• -ical: pertaining to (chemical: pertaining to a chemical)
• -ile: pertaining to (penile: pertaining to the penis)
• -ine: pertaining to (uterine: pertaining to the uterus)
• -ior: pertaining to (superior: pertaining to above)
• -nic: pertaining to (embryonic: pertaining to an embryo)
• -ory: pertaining to (auditory: pertaining to hearing)
• -ose: pertaining to (adipose: pertaining to fat)
• -ous: pertaining to (intravenous: pertaining to within a vein)
• -tic: pertaining to (acoustic: pertaining to hearing)

Practice

• Pertaining to front: Frontal
• Pertaining to epithelium: Epithelial
• Pertaining to muscle: Muscular
• Pertaining to blood: Sanguineous
• Pertaining to above: Superior
• Pertaining to chest: Thoracic

Surgical Suffixes

• -centesis: puncture to withdraw fluid (arthrocentesis: puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint)
• -ectomy: surgical removal (gastrectomy: surgical removal of the stomach)
• -ostomy: surgically create an opening (colostomy: surgically create an opening for the colon [through the abdominal wall])
• -otomy: cutting into (thoracotomy: cutting into the chest)
• -pexy: surgical fixation (nephropexy: surgical fixation of a kidney)
• -plasty: surgical repair (dermatoplasty: surgical repair of the skin)
• -rrhaphy: to suture (myorrhaphy: suture together muscle)
• -tome: instrument to cut (dermatome: instrument to cut skin)

Procedural Suffixes

• -gram: record (electrocardiogram: record of heart's electricity)
• -graphy: process of recording (electrocardiography: process of recording the heart's electrical activity)
• -meter: instrument for measuring (audiometer: instrument for measuring hearing)
• -metry: process of measuring (audiometry: process of measuring hearing)
• -scope: instrument for viewing (gastroscope: instrument for viewing stomach)
• -scopic: pertaining to visually examining (endoscopic: pertaining to visually examining within)
• -scopy: process of visually examining (gastroscopy: process of visually examining the stomach)

Combining Form Practice

• Pertaining to near to: Proximal
• Pertaining to above: Superior
• Pertaining to the middle: Medial
• Pertaining to the belly: Abdominal
• Pertaining to the tail: Caudal
• Pertaining to front: Anterior
• Pertaining to the side: Lateral
• Pertaining to back: Dorsal
• Pertaining to below: Inferior
• Pertaining to back: Posterior

Terminology Building Practice

1. Combining form for heart + Suffix meaning abnormal softening = Term of the heart
   • Cardi + malacia = Cardiomalacia (abnormal softening of the heart)
2. Word root form for stomach + suffix meaning to surgically create an opening = term meaning surgically creating an opening into the stomach.
   • Gastr + ostomy = Gastrostomy
3. Combining form for nose + suffix meaning surgical repair.
   • Rhin + plasty = Rhinoplasty (term meaning surgical repair of the nose)
4. Prefix meaning excessive + suffix meaning development.
   • Hyper + trophy = Hypertrophy (term meaning excessive development)
5. Combining form meaning disease + suffix meaning the study of.
   • Patho + logy = Pathology (term meaning the study of disease)
6. Word root meaning nerve + suffix for tumor/mass.
   • Neur + oma = Neuroma (term meaning nerve tumor)
7. Combining form meaning stomach + combining form meaning small intestine + suffix meaning study of.
   • Gastro + entero + logy = Gastroenterology (term meaning study of stomach and small intestine)
8. Word root meaning ear, + suffix meaning inflammation
   • Ot + itis = Otitis (term meaning ear inflammation)
9. Prefix meaning chemical + suffix meaning treatment.
   • Chemo + therapy = Chemotherapy (term meaning chemical treatment)
10. Combining form meaning cancer + suffix meaning that which produces
    • Carcin + gen = Carcinogen (term meaning that which produces cancer)

Word Building Practice

1. Study of lungs: Pulmonology
2. Nose discharge: Rhinorrhea
3. Abnormal softening of a kidney: Nephromalacia
4. Enlarged heart: Cardiomegaly
5. Cutting into the stomach: Gastrotomy
6. Inflammation of the skin: Dermatitis
7. Surgical removal of the voice box: Laryngectomy
8. Surgical repair of a joint: Arthroplasty

Combining Forms

• Cutane/o = Skin
• Derm/o = Skin
• Dermat/o = Skin
• Trich/o = Hair
• Ungu/o = Nail
• Onych/o = Nail
• Seb/o = Oil
• Hidr/o = Sweat
• Oste/o = Bone
• Arthr/o = Joints
• Chondr/o = Cartilage
• Myos/o = Muscle
• My/o = Muscle
• Muscul/o = Muscle
• Ten/o = Tendons

Practice

• Trich: Word Root
• Osis: Suffix
• Myc/o: Combining Form

Practice

• Muscle Disease: Myopathy
• Instrument to cut bone: Osteotome
• Inflammation of a joint: Arthritis

Practice

• Abnormal softening of bone: Osteomalacia
• Tendon Pain: Tenalgia or Tenodynia
• Surgical repair of a joint: Arthroplasty
• Cartilage tumor: Chondroma

Clinical Scenario

• Muscle Rupture: Myorrhexis
• Treatment: Myorrhaphy (suturing the muscle)

Word Breakdown

• Psuedohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy
  • The prefix dys- means: Painful; difficult; abnormal
  • The suffix in spondylolisthesis is: -listhesis
  • Define the suffix -tome: instrument to cut