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Plant and Fungi Study Guide Chapters 29-39
Plant and Fungi Study Guide Chapters 29-39
Closest Relatives of Land Plants
Charophytes
: Closest relatives of land plants.
Key Traits in Algae and Plants
Shared traits with algae
:
Chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b
Cell walls made of cellulose
Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs
Unique traits shared only with charophytes
:
Cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins in rings
Structure of flagellated sperm
Sequence similarities in nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA
Formation of phragmoplast
Key Traits of Nearly All Plants (Not in Algae)
Alternation of Generations
:
Two types: sporophytes and gametophytes alternate in dominance.
Walled Spores in Sporangia
:
Haploid reproductive cells that grow into gametophytes via mitosis.
Apical Meristems
:
Growth sites for roots and shoots, increasing plant exposure to light and nutrients.
Multicellular, Dependent Embryos
:
Develop from zygotes retained within the female gametophyte.
Multicellular Gametangia
:
Archegonia (female) produces non-motile eggs, Antheridia (male) produces flagellated sperm.
Cuticle
:
Waxy covering reducing water loss.
Stomata
:
Pores for gas exchange.
Symbiosis with Fungi
:
Fungi colonizing roots, enhancing nutrient absorption and providing sugars.
Bryophyte Classification
Phyla
:
Hepatophyta
: Liverworts
Bryophyta
: Mosses
Anthocerophyta
: Hornworts
Bryophyte Life Cycle
Gametophytes
:
Spores develop into protonema, then into gametophytes with gametangia.
Sporophytes
:
May consist of foot, seta, and sporangium (capsule) discharging spores.
Dominance
: Gametophyte generation is dominant.
Fertilization
: Flagellated sperm swim in water to fertilize eggs in archegonia.
Vascular Plants
Tissue and Characteristics
Lignified Vascular Tissue
: Allows for tall growth.
Traits of Vascular Plants
:
Dominant sporophyte life cycles
Vascular tissues: xylem (water transport) and phloem (sugar transport)
Well-developed roots and leaves
Sporophylls (spore-bearing leaves)
Vascular Plant Life Cycle
Gametophytes
: Small and underground.
Sporophytes
: Above ground, dominating.
Non-reproductive structures
: Antheridia (male) and archegonia (female).
Types of Vascular Tissue
Xylem
: Transports water/nutrients from roots.
Phloem
: Transports sugars from leaves to roots.
Plant Organs
Roots
: Anchor and absorb water/nutrients.
Leaves
: Increase light capture and photosynthesis.
Leaf Types
Microphylls
: Small leaves with a single vein.
Megaphylls
: Larger leaves with a branched vascular system.
Plant Reproductive Strategies
Homosporous
: One sporophyll and sporangium.
Heterosporous
: Produces megaspores (female) and microspores (male).
Clades of Vascular Plants
Lycophyta
: Includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
Monilophyta
: Includes ferns and horsetails; diverse in tropics and temperate forests.
Fungi Characteristics
Nutrient Acquisition
: Secretes enzymes for external digestion.
Hyphae
: Filamentous structures making up mycelium.
Mycelium
: Functions as the root system of fungi.
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Symbiosis
: Benefits both fungi and plants; fungi assist in nutrient absorption.
Phyla of Fungi
Chytrids
: Flagellated spores, found in water bodies.
Zygomycetes
: Rapidly-growing molds affecting fruits.
Glomeromycetes
: Forms arbuscular mycorrhizae.
Basidiomycetes
: Club fungi, significant decomposers.
Ascomycetes
: Sac fungi, diverse habitats.
Seed Components and Survival Adaptations
Components
: Embryo, seed coat, food supply.
Adaptations
: Protective outer layer for dormancy.
Seed Plant Generations
Sporophyte Dominance
: Dominant generation releasing pollen for fertilization.
Reproductive Structures in Seed Plants
Sporophylls
: Megasporophylls (female) produce megaspores; microsporophylls (male) produce microspores.
Components of Ovule
: Megasporangium, megaspore, and integuments.
Pollen and Fertilization
Pollen grains develop in microsporophylls, transferred by wind or animals to female gametophyte.
Gymnosphere Life Cycle
: Involving microsporocytes, pollen grain formation, and dormancy.
Major Gymnosperm Phyla
Cycadophyta
: Large cones, palm-like.
Ginkgophyta
: One species, urban survivor.
Gnetophyta
: Thrive in harsh climates.
Coniferophyta
: Largest gymnosperm phylum, evergreen species.
Angiosperms - Flowering Plants
Phylum
: Anthophyta
Reproductive Adaptations
: Flowers and fruits
Flower Role
: Attracts pollinators.
Flower Structure
Modified Leaves: Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpels
Stamen Components
: Filament (supports anther) and Anther (produces pollen).
Carpel Components
: Ovary (base), Style (connects ovaries to stigma), Stigma (receives pollen).
Fruit and Seed Dispersal
Fruits develop from ovary wall thickening and can attract animals for dispersal.
Cotyledons
: Seed leaves crucial for seedling development.
Differences Between Monocots and Dicots
Monocots
: One cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue.
Dicots
: Two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in rings.
Plant Cell Structures
Primary Cell Wall
: Thin and flexible.
Middle Lamella
: Between primary walls.
Plasmodesmata
: Channels for cell communication.
Tissue Systems
Dermal
,
Vascular
, and
Ground Tissues
.
Growth and Meristems
Primary Growth
: Lengthening at apical meristems.
Secondary Growth
: Thickness through lateral meristems.
Plant Responses and Hormones
Phototropism
: Response to light.
Hormones
: Auxins promote growth, Cytokinins promote cell division, Gibberellins affect seed germination.
Defenses
: Toxins, thorns, and recruitment of predators to deter herbivores.
Nutrient Management
Macronutrients needed in larger amounts (e.g., Carbon, Oxygen).
Micronutrients needed in smaller amounts (e.g., Iron, Zinc).
Physiological Responses
Stomata control water loss and gas exchange.
Adaptations for drought and nutrient absorption vary among species.
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Chapter 4: The Laws of Motion
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Unit 1 APSYCH Flashcards
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