Zaria Iqbal - Final Study Guide

Child Development Final Exam Study Guide

  1. What is the definition of child development?

The scientific study of children from conception to adolescence.

  1. We study children's development in three areas. What are they?

Physical development, intellectual development, social-emotional development (PIES)

  1. Physical development is broken down into two areas. What are they?

Gross motor (large muscles like arms and legs) and fine motor (hand/eye coordinations and smaller muscles in the fingers, toes, etc).

  1. Children start to feel bothersome when raise-ins are too busy to spend time with them or answer questions. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and children can lose their ability to lead. Which stage of Erikson's Theories of Psychosocial Development is this?

Initiative vs. guilt

  1. This is the development starting at the center of the body working its way out to the limbs (midline to extremities).

Proximodistal development

  1. This is the development starting at the top of the body working its way down (head to feet).

Cep(halo)caudal development

  1. What are the stages of child development and their corresponding ages?

Prenatal - conception to birth

Neonatal - birth to 1 month

Infancy - 1 month to 1 year

Toddler - 1 to 3 years

Preschool - 3 to 5 years

School-age - 6 to 12 years

Adolescence - 13 to 18 years

  1. This is a prime period in a child’s life for developing a particular skill, if given the chance to do so, based on specific types of brain stimulation.

Windows of opportunity

  1. Children need to feel a sense of self-control, or else they will feel a sense of shame and a desire to get away with misbehavior. Which stage of Erikson's Theories of Psychosocial Development is this?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

  1. Where does conception usually occur?

The fallopian tubes

  1. What are the types of multiple pregnancy and how can you tell the difference?

fraternal - both eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm (different genetic makeup)

identical - one egg is fertilized by one sperm and zygote splits in 2 (same genetic makeup)

  1. What are the POSITIVE signs of pregnancy?

hCG, fetal heartbeat, fetal movement, fetal image, fetal shape, and uterine contractions

  1. There are three stages of labor. Identify what happens during each stage.

1: Dilation - baby pushes against cervix, the cervix flattens and opens, longest stage of labor, cervix will measure about 4 inches

2: Delivery of baby - baby’s head enters birth canal, walls of the upper part of birth canal are elastic but lower part of canal cause resistance, baby faces downward as head emerges, usually lasts from 30-90 min for first pregnancy

3: Delivery of placenta - about 20 min after birth, mom has few irregular contractions, causes placenta to completely detach from the uterus, also called afterbirth

  1. What are some reasons a woman would have a cesarean section?

For labor that isn't progressing, if there are problems with the baby, a multiple pregnancy like triplets, or when there are problems with the placenta or umbilical cord.

  1. Why is the APGAR test given?

To quickly evaluate a newborn's physical condition after delivery and determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care.

  1. There are three stages of prenatal development. List them and tell me major milestones that happen during each stage.

1. Germinal stage: cells embed in the uterus wall; amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord form

2. Embryonic stage: internal organs form, limbs, start to bud; most critical stage of development

3. Fetal stage: facial features forming, gender determined, body organs mature, lightening, quickening

  1. Identify major issues or health concerns relating to prenatal development, labor, and delivery. Be sure to explain how it may affect the mother or baby.

Conjoined twins - Affects babies because they’re more likely to be born prematurely or causes scoliosis

Substance abuse - Affects the mother by increasing the risk of complications like preterm birth and low birth weight, affects baby’s development and growth
Gestational diabetes - Affects mother by feeling more thirsty, having to go to bathroom, nausea, blurry vision, and skin infections, affects baby by causing them to grow 9 pounds more

Maternal medication use - Affects mother by excretion in breast milk, nursing, requires ongoing treatment, affects baby with an early pregnancy and high vulnerability

  1. Stage of intellectual development in which babies learn through senses and movements.

Sensorimotor

  1. This is the ability to learn that people, objects, and places still exist even when they are no longer seen, felt, or heard.

Object permanence

  1. This is the ability to tell how far away something is.

Depth perception

  1. This is a light, happy sound made by babies around two months of age.

Cooing

  1. Identify the pros and cons of breastfeeding or formula-feeding.

Pros:

  • can reduce their risk of ovarian cancer, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure

  • release a chemical called oxytocin to help them feel less stressed and more calm

  • can do it anytime, anywhere, and don’t need to warm anything up

Cons:

  • more sleep exhaustion because babies take longer to sleep

  • uneven distribution of parenting work

  • you can’t measure how much milk your baby is consuming

  1. List the steps of diaper changing in a child-care setting.

Prepare, cover the diaper changing surface with disposable liner

Clean child, place the child on a surface and unfasten diaper

Remove trash, place used wipes in the soiled diaper

Replace diaper, apply cream and dress the child

Wash child's hands, place in a supervised area

Clean up, wipe surface with disinfectant

Wash your hands, use soap and water

  1. Identify the risk factors and ways to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Alcohol use, premature birth, low birth weight

Can reduce the risk by placing your baby on their back to sleep, using a firm crib mattress, keeping the baby's crib free of loose, fluffy blankets and stuffed animals, and ensuring that your baby has a smoke-free environment.

  1. What are some signs an infant is ready to start eating solid foods?

Control of head and neck, sits alone or with support, if something goes into their mouth, they don't immediately push it back out with their tongue, brings objects to their mouth, tries to grab food or toys, shows interest in food or watching other people eat

  1. Identify common choking hazards.

Uncut food, balloons, toys with small parts and doll accessories, coins, safety pins, paperclips, push pins, marbles and small balls, water beads, potatoes

  1. What are some signs a toddler is ready to start potty training?

Your toddler is drier for longer, can follow directions, is showing independence, poops on schedule, can undress themselves

  1. This is shown in children by the increase in playing and pretending. For example, a child is able to use an object to represent something else, such as pretending a broom is a horse.

Symbolism

  1. During this stage of intellectual development, Piaget suggests that children can be very egocentric because they have a hard time seeing things from other people’s perspective.

Egocentrism

  1. True or False: Children who are read to from an early age learn to read easier and faster.

    true