Apes Chapter 3/4

Ecosystem- a particular location on earth distinguished by its particular mix on of interacting biotic and abiotic factors.

Producers/Autotrophs- Organisms that use the energy of the sun to produce energy

Cellular respiration- the process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds

Primary Consumers-a consumer that eats producers

Secondary Consumers-A carnivore that eats primary consumers

Tertiary Consumers- A carnivore that eats secondary consumers

Food Chain- Order of consumption from through tertiary consumers

Food Web- A complex model of how energy /matter moves through trophic levels

Scavengers- An organism that consumes dead animals

Detritivores- An organism that breaks down dead tissues/waste into particles

Decomposers-Fungi/bacteria that convert organic matter into molecules to recycle back through the ecosystem

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)- total amount of solar energy that producers capture through photosynthesis over time

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)- energy captured by producers/energy produced by respiration

Limiting Nutrient- required for growth of organism, lower quantity present than other nutrients

Resistance- measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy/matter in an ecosystem

Resilience- rate at which an ecosystem can return to its original state after a disturbance

Watershed- land in a landscape that drains into a body of water it is named after

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis- the phenomena in which an ecosystem that experience medium levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbances

Troposphere- layer of atmosphere closest to Earth

Stratosphere- lay of atmosphere above troposhere

Adiabatic Cooling- cooling effect of reduced pressure on air; rises and expands

Adiabatic Heating- heating effect of increased pressure on air; sinks and decreases in volume

ITCZ- latitude that receives the most sunlight, causes branches of Hadley cells to converge

Gyres (large-scale) Pattern of water moving clockwise in Northern- Hemisphere, counterclockwise in South Hemisphere

Upwelling- upward movement of oceanic water as a result of divering currents

Windward- side of the mountain facing incoming wind

Leeward- side of mountain not facing incoming wind(dry because of adiabatic heating)

Permafrost- impenetrable frozen layer of soil

Coniferous- cone-bearing

Deciduous- become dormant in winter

Littoral zone- shallow space in lakes and ponds that receives enough sunlight to facilitate photosynthesis

Limnetic Zone- Deeper water in lakes and ponds that does not allow for photosynthesis

Phytoplankton-floating algae

Profundal Zone- below limnetic, region of water in which sunlight does not hit

Benthic Zone- bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean

Coral Bleaching- the act of algae within coral dying, turning coral white

Photic Ocean- upper layer of ocean that receives light for photsynthesis

Aphotic Ocean- lower layer of ocean that does not receive light for photosynthesis

Chemosynthesis-process in which bacteria create energy in the ocean utilizing methane and hydrogen sulfide(H₂S)