Exam 2 AP study guide-1

Exam 2 Study Guide

Week 3 Lecture 2

1. What term means within the cell?

2. What term means between cells?

3. What is the term for what happens in a cell between the binding of a ligand to a receptor and the final response in the cell?

4. What is the term for a drug that can bind to a receptor and trigger signal transduction?

5. What receptor signaling pathway involves a cascade of phosphorylations?

6. What enzyme converts cAMP into AMP, thus inactivating it?

7. State two type of receptors that are themselves enzymes.

8. What are the substrate and products of the reaction catalyzed by guanylyl cyclase? Be sure to

say which is the substate and which are the products.

9. What is the advantage of having so many steps in the signal transduction pathway of many of

the receptors?

10. Draw a flow chart for the steps of signal transduction in the Gs protein-coupled receptor

pathway. Include all the steps from lecture. Start with ligand binds to G protein-coupled

receptor.

11. Protein receptors for intercellular messengers have the same four characteristics of protein binding sites (chemical specificity, saturation, affinity, and competition).

  1. True

  2. False

12. The number of protein receptors in the plasma membrane of a cell is very stable over time.

  1. True

  2. False

13. Intercellular messengers that bind to intracellular receptors are

  1. Lipophilic

  2. Hydrophilic

14. The JAK protein often phosphorylates what transcription factor as discussed in lecture? (use abbreviation)

15. What was the general name given in lecture for drugs that can bind to a protein receptor but do not activate signal transduction.

16. Most intracellular receptors are transcription factors

  1. True

  2. False

17. Most intercellular messengers bind to

  1. Membrane-bound receptors

  2. Intracellular receptors

18. Ion channel receptors are

  1. Mechanically gated ion channels

  2. Voltage-gated ion channels

  3. Ligand-gated ion channels

  4. None of these

19. What effect does the alpha subunit of the Gi protein have on adenylyl cyclase?

  1. Decrease it activity

  2. Increase its activity

  3. Does not influence its activity

Week 4

1. The movement of charge is called ______________________________________.

2. The difference in charge between two location is called the _____________________________.

3. What chemicals are produced when cyclooxygenase enzymes are activated?

4. What enzyme liberates arachidonic acid from a membrane phospholipid?

5. What protein, discussed in lecture, does calcium bind to in order to activate a specific protein

kinase?

6. What are the organs of the central nervous system?

7. What two organ systems are involved in coordinating the functions of cells to maintain

homeostasis? Which of these two systems acts more specifically and quickly?

8. What are the two sources for the calcium that can enter the cytosol of cells?

9. What are the three components of a synapse?

10. What are the three types of synapses based on the location of the synapse on the post-synaptic

cell?

11. How does the concentration of first messenger at a receptor decrease over time?

12. How does phosphorylation of receptors reduce the activity of the signal transduction pathway?

13. Draw a neuron and label the parts.

14. List the five types of glial cells and state the function of each

15. Which of the following are second messengers?

  1. cAMP

  2. IP3

  3. Calcium

  4. Protein kinase A

  5. Alpha subunits of G proteins

  6. DAG

  7. G protein coupled receptors

  8. Adenylyl cyclase

16. Gs and Gi protein-coupled receptors would not both be present in the same cell.

  1. True

  2. False

17. Neurons usually use ________ for intracellular communication, and _________ for intercellular communication.

  1. electrical signals, chemical signals

  2. chemical signals, electrical signals

  3. electrical signals, electrical signals

  4. chemical signals, chemical signals

18. The excess negative change in cells is

  1. only along the membrane

  2. distributed throughout the cell

19. What proteins are involved in anterograde transport in axons

  1. dyneins

  2. integrins

  3. kinesins

  4. transducins

20. A solution containing 200 mM of a permeable solute and 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be

  1. hyperosmotic

  2. hypo-osmotic

  3. iso-osmotic

21. A solution containing 200 mM of a permeable solute and 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be

  1. hypertonic

  2. hypotonic

  3. isotonic

22. What proteins are involved in retrograde transport in axons?

  1. Dyneins

  2. Integrins

  3. Kinesins

  4. Transducins

23. A collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the central nervous system is called a

  1. Ganglion

  2. Nerve

  3. Nucleus

  4. Tract

24. A collection of neuronal axons inside the central nervous system is called a

  1. Ganglion

  2. Nerve

  3. Nucleus

  4. Tract

25. Which type of neurons are the most numerous?

  1. Afferent neurons

  2. Efferent neurons

  3. Interneurons

26. A single neuron can be both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic

  1. True

  2. False

27. A single neuron can be post-synaptic to thousands of pre-synaptic neurons

  1. True

  2. False

Week 5 Lecture 1

1. What protein uses the most ATP in the brain?

2. What two factors determine the driving force for ions?

3. What is the name of the equation that can be used to determine the equilibrium potential for an

ion?

4. What equation was given in lecture for the flux of an ion?

5. A trivalent cation has an intracellular concentration of 0.1 mM and an extracellular

concentration of 10 mM. What is the equilibrium potential of this cation?

6. If you decrease the extracellular concentration of the above cation, what will happen to its

equilibrium potential?

  1. More negative

  2. More positive

  3. Less negative

  4. Less positive

7. What happens to potassium’s equilibrium potential if you increase the amount of potassium in

the cell?

  1. It becomes more negative

  2. It becomes less negative

8. What happens to sodium’s equilibrium potential if you increase the amount of sodium outside

the cell?

  1. It becomes more positive

  2. It becomes less positive

9. If an anion has a higher concentration outside the cell than inside the cell, the anion’s

equilibrium potential will be

  1. Negative

  2. Positive

10. At the resting membrane potential, which ion has the greater driving force?

  1. Sodium

  2. Potassium

11. Assuming the only permeable ions across the plasma membrane are sodium and potassium, at

the resting membrane potential

  1. The inward flux of sodium equals the outward flux of potassium

  2. The inward flux of sodium is greater than the outward flux of potassium

  3. The inward flux of sodium is less than the outward flux of potassium

12. If more potassium leaves the cell than sodium comes in, assuming those two are the only

permeable ions, then the membrane potential will

  1. Become more negative

  2. Become less negative

  3. Not change

13. If the membrane potential becomes more negative, what happens to the driving force for

sodium?

  1. Increase

  2. Decrease

  3. Not change

14. If the membrane potential becomes more negative, what happens to the driving force for

potassium?

  1. Increase

  2. Decrease

  3. Not change

15. Assuming the membrane is only permeable to sodium and potassium, at the resting membrane potential, the flux of sodium into the cell equals the flux of potassium out of the cell.

  1. True

  2. False

16. If you have two chambers separated by a semi-permeable membrane that is only permeable to potassium, and you put 10 mM of potassium chloride in one chamber, and 1 mM of potassium chloride and 9 mM of sodium chloride in the other chamber, potassium will flux across the membrane until the concentration of potassium is the same on both sides.

  1. True

  2. False

17. What protein uses the most ATP in the brain?

18. If the concentration of a monovalent anion is 3mM inside the cell and 30mM outside the cell, what is the equilibrium potential of the anion in mV?

19. The excess negative charge in a cell is

  1. Distributed throughout the cell

  2. Only next to the membrane

20. Potassium’s equilibrium potential is

  1. Negative

  2. Positive

21. Sodium’s equilibrium potential is

  1. Negative

  2. Positive

22. Only an extremely small percentage of the K+ in the cell has to leak out to cause an 80 mV change in membrane potential

  1. True

  2. False

23. Which ion is more permeable at rest

  1. Calcium

  2. Potassium

  3. Sodium

24. ______ have equilibrium potentials

  1. Both membranes and ions

  2. Ions

  3. Membrane

25. A solution containing 400 mM of a nonpermeable solute and 200 mM of a permeable solute would be

  1. Hypertonic

  2. Hypotonic

  3. Isotonic

26. A solution containing 400 mM of a nonpermeable solute and 200 mM of a permeable solute would be

  1. Hyperosmotic

  2. Hypo-osmotic

  3. Iso-osmotic

Week 5 Lecture 2

1. If a cell does not regulate chloride concentrations, then the equilibrium potential for

chloride equals the resting membrane potential in that cell.

  1. True

  2. False

2. The concentration of potassium is the same in the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood.

  1. True

  2. False

3. If you increase the potassium permeability, what will happen to the membrane

potential?

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

4. If you increase the intracellular concentration of sodium chloride, what will happen to

the membrane potential?

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

5. If you increase the intracellular concentration of potassium chloride, what will happen

to the membrane potential?

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

6. Changing the extracellular concentration of __________________ has a bigger impact

on the resting membrane potential.

  1. Potassium

  2. Sodium

7. Given the following:

extracellular sodium concentration = 100 mM

intracellular sodium concentration =10 mM

extracellular potassium concentration = 10 mM

intracellular potassium concentration = 100 mM

the only permeable ions across the plasma membrane are sodium and potassium

sodium and potassium have the same permeability across the membrane

What is the membrane potential? (Remember, a number without units is meaningless.)

8. If there are no active transport mechanisms for chloride in a cell, the concentration of chloride will be

  1. Higher inside the cell

  2. The same inside and outside the cell

  3. Higher outside the cell

9. If you increase the sodium permeability, what will happen to the membrane potential?

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

10. If you increase the extracellular concentration of sodium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

11. If you increase the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride, what will happen to the membrane potential?

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

12. Depolarization _________the driving force for potassium to leave the cell.

  1. Decreases

  2. Increases

13. Increasing the extracellular concentration of sodium chloride will cause the cell to

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

  3. Have no change in membrane potential

14. Increasing the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride would cause the cell to

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

  3. Have no change in membrane potential

15. Decreasing the extracellular concentration of potassium chloride would cause the cell to

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

  3. Have no change in membrane potential

16. Decreasing the intracellular concentration of sodium chloride would cause the cell to

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

  3. Have no change in membrane potential

17. Decreasing a cell’s permeability to sodium will cause the cell to

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

  3. Have no change in membrane potential

18. Decreasing the cell’s permeability to potassium will cause the cell to

  1. Depolarize

  2. Hyperpolarize

  3. Have no change in membrane potential

19. A solution that contains 100 mM of non-permeable solute and 200 mM of permeable solute is

  1. Hypo-osmotic

  2. Iso-osmotic

  3. Hyperosmotic

20. A solution that contains 100 mM of non-permeable solute and 200 mM of permeable solute is

  1. Hypotonic

  2. Isotonic

  3. Hypertonic

Week 6 Lecture 1

The movement of charge in neurons is faster than the diffusion of ions.

  1. True

  2. False

2. When a sodium channel opens in a graded potential, this causes the flux of potassium out of the

cell to increase.

  1. True

  2. False

3. At the resting membrane potential, (select all that apply)

  1. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed

  2. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open

  3. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated

  4. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open

  5. The voltage-gated sodium channel is closed

4. During the depolarization phase of the action potential, (select all that apply)

  1. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed

  2. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open

  3. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated

  4. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open

  5. The voltage-gated sodium channel is closed

5. During the repolarization phase of the action potential, (select all that apply)

  1. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed

  2. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open

  3. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated

  4. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open

  5. The voltage-gated sodium channel is closed

6. During the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential, (select all that apply)

  1. The voltage-gated potassium channel is closed

  2. The voltage-gated potassium channel is open

  3. The voltage-gated sodium channel is inactivated

  4. The voltage-gated sodium channel is open

  5. The voltage-gated sodium channel is closed

7. Depolarization causes (select all that apply)

  1. The activation gate of the sodium channel to open

  2. The activation gate of the sodium channel to close

  3. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to open

  4. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to close

  5. The potassium channel to open

  6. The potassium channel to close

8. Repolarization/hyperpolarization causes (select all that apply)

  1. The activation gate of the sodium channel to open

  2. The activation gate of the sodium channel to close

  3. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to open

  4. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel to close

  5. The potassium channel to open

  6. The potassium channel to close

9. The inactivation gate of the sodium channel _______ in response to depolarization

  1. Closes

  2. Opens

10. Which term is used to mean the membrane potential is becoming more negative?

  1. Depolarization

  2. Hyperpolarization

11. Which glial cell is involved in regulating brain extracellular fluid potassium concentration?

  1. Ependymal cells

  2. Oligodendrocytes

  3. Schwann cells

  4. Microglia

  5. Astrocytes

12. During the depolarization phase of the action potential

  1. The sodium channel is closed and the potassium channel is closed

  2. The sodium channel is open and the potassium channel is open

  3. The sodium channel is closed and the potassium channel is open

  4. The sodium channel is inactivated and the potassium channel is open

  5. The sodium channel is open and the potassium channel is closed

  6. The sodium channel is inactivated and the potassium channel is closed

13. Graded potentials can happen in (select all that apply)

  1. Axons

  2. Dendrites

  3. Cell bodies

14. Voltage-gated potassium channels are regulated by

  1. Negative feedback

  2. Positive feedback

15. Voltage-gated sodium channels are regulated by

  1. Negative feedback

  2. Positive feedback

16. Action potentials are decremental

  1. True

  2. False

17. Graded potentials are all-or-none phenomenon

  1. True

  2. False

18. Graded potentials can trigger action potentials

  1. True

  2. False

19. A solution containing only 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be

  1. Hypo-osmotic

  2. Hyperosmotic

  3. Iso-osmotic

20. A solution containing only 300 mM of a non-permeable solute would be

  1. Hypotonic

  2. Hypertonic

  3. Isotonic

21. Decreasing the intracellular sodium chloride concentration will cause

  1. Depolarization

  2. Hyperpolarization

  3. No change in membrane potential

22. Decreasing the sodium permeability will cause

  1. Depolarization

  2. Hyperpolarization

  3. No change in membrane potential