Neurology

Neurology Neuroendocrine Structures

Neuro - It means regulation and coordination of body function

endocrine - secrets metabolically active hormones for various pocess

Nervous System:

Neuron

  • structural and functional unit; has the property of irritability

irritability

  • It is the property of tissue or even an organism to responds to any forms of stimuli.

For description, it presents:

a. cell body/ soma

  • interprets neuronal impulses

b. neuronal processes:

  • axon - transmits impulse away from cell body

  • dendrites - transmit impulse toward cell body

Divisions of the Nervous System

1. Central nervous system

  • brain

  • spinal cord

2. Peripheral nervous sys:

  • cranial & spinal nerves

  • sympathetic/ thoracolumbar nerves

  • parasympathetic/ craniosacral nerves

Notes: These are the nerves that arising from either brain or spinal cord and these nerves are voluntary and involuntary.

1. Brain

  • one of the vital organ of the body and protected by the skull

For description, it presents:

a. cerebrum

  • rostral and largest brain compartment

  • Seat of the conscious activity, memories and intelligence

b. cerebellum

  • caudal, as the "arbor vitae" or tree of life" brain compartment

  • associated with involuntary function for balance

  • arbor vitae is a arborization o branching structures.

c. brainstem

  • It connects the forebrain, which is the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla spinalis or spinal cord

  • composed of pons and medulla oblongata

    • Where the respiratory centers are present including the pneumotaxic and apeustic center

d. hypothalamus

  • has many functions including the tears, hunger center, thermoregulatory center, controls sexual behavior, photo periodicity, osmolarity of the blood, circadian rhythm, biologicals plaques/clocks

e. pituitary gland/ hypophysis

  • secretes hormones such as stimulating hormones and prolactin

f. pineal body

  • It is a structures that secretes a hormone melatonin

  • located

  • also known as epiphysis cerebri

hippocampus

  • site of tissue collection or demonstration of negade bodies which are inclusion bodies in rabies infection.

2) Spinal cord

  • Composed of five segments (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal spinal cord segments)

3) cranial nerves

  • Nerves that arising from the brain

  • It can extends up to thoracic and abdominal

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

I- Olfactory

  • sense for olfaction's or smell

II - Optic

  • Sense of site

III - oculomotor

  • Eyeball movement

IV- Trochlear

  • Movement of superior and inferior oblique muscles of eyeball

V - Trigeminal

  • Innervates the the ophthalmic , maxillary, and mandibular structures

VI - Abduscent’

  • Innervates the lateral rectus muscles eyeball “abduscent nerd”

VII - Facial muscles

  • Innervating the fascial muscles

VIII - Vestibulocochlear/ acoustic

  • It’s the sense of audition or hearing

  • Also for equilibrium of the ears

IX - Glossopharyngeal

  • Innervates the pistons and responsible for taste or gustation

X - Vagus

  • Innervates the the thoracic and abdominal organs and extend

  • It is the longest cranial nerves

XI - Spinal accessory

  • Innervates the pharyngeal, neck, and some shoulder scatters

XII - Hypoglossal

  • Innervating the tongue

  • movement of the tongue

4) Spinal nerves

  • The nerves arising from spinal cord

5. Sympathetic/ thoracolumbar nerve

  • have excitatory effects to organs

  • autonomic nerves

6. Parasympathetic/craniosacral nerves

  • have inhibitory effects to organs

  • autonomic nerves