WEEK_5_POWERPOINT_-_REVISED

Respiratory Disorders Overview

• Disorders related to the respiratory system include various conditions affecting normal lung function.

• Normal structure includes alveoli (air sacs), bronchial tubes, and lungs.

• Emphysema notably affects the alveoli.

Agenda for Week 5

• Follow-Up and Student Queries:

  • Focus on conditions affecting the heart, specifically stages of myocardial infarction (MI).

  • Discussion on goiter and thyroid conditions (hypo and hyperthyroidism).

• Disorders Affecting the Respiratory System:

  • Explore chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders such as bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis.

Test Preparation Highlights

• Myocardial infarctions are categorized into five types, while heart failure relates to an inability of heart function.

• Goiter can result from iodine deficiency or dysfunction of the thyroid gland (overactive or underactive).

Comparison of Thyroid Disorders

Hypothyroidism:

• Low serum levels of T₂ and T4 hormones.

• Low metabolic rate, presenting with cold intolerance, hypotension, and lethargy.

• Symptoms including pale skin and potential goiter presence.

Hyperthyroidism:

• Elevated serum levels of T₂ and T4 hormones.

• High metabolic rate with symptoms such as heat intolerance and exophthalmos.

• Goiter frequently associated with conditions like Graves' disease.

Framework for Disorders

• Obstructive Disorders: Characterized by obstruction of airflow such as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).

  • Examples include asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis.

• Restrictive Disorders: Indicate reduced lung expansion due to stiff lung tissue, such as interstitial lung disease or conditions like scoliosis.

• Categories overlap with infectious causes accounting for some disorders.

Obstructive vs. Restrictive Disorders

Obstructive Disorders:

• Reduction in airflow, difficulty exhaling, examples include:

  1. COPD

  2. Asthma

  3. Bronchiectasis

Restrictive Disorders:

• Reduction in lung volume, difficulty inhaling, examples include:

  1. Interstitial lung disease

  2. Scoliosis

  3. Neuromuscular disorders

  4. Severe obesity

Types of Disorder Framework

1. Infectious Diseases: Caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria) - e.g., colds, pneumonia.

2. Obstructive Lung Diseases: Include cystic fibrosis and asthma.

3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma.

4. Restrictive Lung Disorders: Stiff lung conditions like pneumoconioses.

5. Vascular Disorders: Examples include pulmonary edema.

6. Expansion Disorders: Conditions preventing lung expansion like pneumothorax.

Emphysema Details

• Etiology: Includes factors such as genetic predisposition, smoking, and other pathogens.

• Pathophysiology:

  • Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic fibers results in air trapping and impairment of expiration.

  • Symptoms include progressive dyspnea, cough, and potential for complications like pneumothorax and cor pulmonale.

Signs and Symptoms of Emphysema

• Dyspnea (especially on exertion).

• Hyperventilation with prolonged expiration.

• Physical manifestations like barrel chest and clubbed fingers due to oxygen deprivation.

Diagnostic Tests for Emphysema

• Chest radiography and pulmonary function tests are commonly used to diagnose conditions related to COPD.

Treatment Options for Emphysema

• Avoid irritants, ensure vaccinations to prevent infection, and implement pulmonary rehabilitation.

• Medications include bronchodilators or antibiotics, and severe cases may require lung reduction surgery.

Chronic Bronchitis Overview

• Defined by chronic coughing and excessive mucus production, often due to smoking or environmental pollution.

• Complications may include severe dyspnea and potential heart conditions due to low oxygen levels.

Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis

• Consists of smoking cessation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and appropriate nutritional support.

Asthma Characteristics

1. Types:

   • Extrinsic: Triggered by hypersensitivity.

   • Intrinsic: Onset often later in life triggered by various stimuli.

2. Pathophysiology:

   • Causes include airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction leading to airway obstruction.

Signs and Symptoms of Asthma

• Including cough, wheezing, and tightness in the chest during attacks.

• Possible respiratory alkalosis initially, transitioning to respiratory acidosis with severe distress.

Acute Asthma Attack Components

• Features include mucosal edema, mucus plugs, and bronchospasm.

• Acute episodes can escalate into medical emergencies.

Treatment for Asthma

• General measures focus on identifying triggers and proper inhalation techniques.

• Severe cases require hospital intervention and potentially glucocorticoids for inflammation management.

Summary of Key Respiratory Disorders

• Various respiratory disorders may stem from airflow obstructions, lung damage, and other systemic issues.

• Emphysema features elasticity loss leading to overinflation.

• Chronic bronchitis presents with chronic airway infections and excessive mucus.

• Asthma is characterized by bronchial hyperactivity and inflammation.