WEEK_5_POWERPOINT_-_REVISED

Respiratory Disorders Overview

  • Disorders related to the respiratory system include various conditions affecting normal lung function.

  • Normal structure includes alveoli (air sacs), bronchial tubes, and lungs.

  • Emphysema notably affects the alveoli.

Agenda for Week 5

  • Follow-Up and Student Queries:

    • Focus on conditions affecting the heart, specifically stages of myocardial infarction (MI).

    • Discussion on goiter and thyroid conditions (hypo and hyperthyroidism).

  • Disorders Affecting the Respiratory System:

    • Explore chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders such as bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis.

Test Preparation Highlights

  • Myocardial infarctions are categorized into five types, while heart failure relates to an inability of heart function.

  • Goiter can result from iodine deficiency or dysfunction of the thyroid gland (overactive or underactive).

Comparison of Thyroid Disorders

Hypothyroidism:

  • Low serum levels of T₂ and T4 hormones.

  • Low metabolic rate, presenting with cold intolerance, hypotension, and lethargy.

  • Symptoms including pale skin and potential goiter presence.

Hyperthyroidism:

  • Elevated serum levels of T₂ and T4 hormones.

  • High metabolic rate with symptoms such as heat intolerance and exophthalmos.

  • Goiter frequently associated with conditions like Graves' disease.

Framework for Disorders

  • Obstructive Disorders: Characterized by obstruction of airflow such as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).

    • Examples include asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis.

  • Restrictive Disorders: Indicate reduced lung expansion due to stiff lung tissue, such as interstitial lung disease or conditions like scoliosis.

  • Categories overlap with infectious causes accounting for some disorders.

Obstructive vs. Restrictive Disorders

Obstructive Disorders:

  • Reduction in airflow, difficulty exhaling, examples include:

    1. COPD

    2. Asthma

    3. Bronchiectasis

Restrictive Disorders:

  • Reduction in lung volume, difficulty inhaling, examples include:

    1. Interstitial lung disease

    2. Scoliosis

    3. Neuromuscular disorders

    4. Severe obesity

Types of Disorder Framework

  1. Infectious Diseases: Caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria) - e.g., colds, pneumonia.

  2. Obstructive Lung Diseases: Include cystic fibrosis and asthma.

  3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma.

  4. Restrictive Lung Disorders: Stiff lung conditions like pneumoconioses.

  5. Vascular Disorders: Examples include pulmonary edema.

  6. Expansion Disorders: Conditions preventing lung expansion like pneumothorax.

Emphysema Details

  • Etiology: Includes factors such as genetic predisposition, smoking, and other pathogens.

  • Pathophysiology:

    • Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic fibers results in air trapping and impairment of expiration.

    • Symptoms include progressive dyspnea, cough, and potential for complications like pneumothorax and cor pulmonale.

Signs and Symptoms of Emphysema

  • Dyspnea (especially on exertion).

  • Hyperventilation with prolonged expiration.

  • Physical manifestations like barrel chest and clubbed fingers due to oxygen deprivation.

Diagnostic Tests for Emphysema

  • Chest radiography and pulmonary function tests are commonly used to diagnose conditions related to COPD.

Treatment Options for Emphysema

  • Avoid irritants, ensure vaccinations to prevent infection, and implement pulmonary rehabilitation.

  • Medications include bronchodilators or antibiotics, and severe cases may require lung reduction surgery.

Chronic Bronchitis Overview

  • Defined by chronic coughing and excessive mucus production, often due to smoking or environmental pollution.

  • Complications may include severe dyspnea and potential heart conditions due to low oxygen levels.

Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis

  • Consists of smoking cessation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and appropriate nutritional support.

Asthma Characteristics

  1. Types:

    • Extrinsic: Triggered by hypersensitivity.

    • Intrinsic: Onset often later in life triggered by various stimuli.

  2. Pathophysiology:

    • Causes include airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction leading to airway obstruction.

Signs and Symptoms of Asthma

  • Including cough, wheezing, and tightness in the chest during attacks.

  • Possible respiratory alkalosis initially, transitioning to respiratory acidosis with severe distress.

Acute Asthma Attack Components

  • Features include mucosal edema, mucus plugs, and bronchospasm.

  • Acute episodes can escalate into medical emergencies.

Treatment for Asthma

  • General measures focus on identifying triggers and proper inhalation techniques.

  • Severe cases require hospital intervention and potentially glucocorticoids for inflammation management.

Summary of Key Respiratory Disorders

  • Various respiratory disorders may stem from airflow obstructions, lung damage, and other systemic issues.

  • Emphysema features elasticity loss leading to overinflation.

  • Chronic bronchitis presents with chronic airway infections and excessive mucus.

  • Asthma is characterized by bronchial hyperactivity and inflammation.

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