Disorders related to the respiratory system include various conditions affecting normal lung function.
Normal structure includes alveoli (air sacs), bronchial tubes, and lungs.
Emphysema notably affects the alveoli.
Follow-Up and Student Queries:
Focus on conditions affecting the heart, specifically stages of myocardial infarction (MI).
Discussion on goiter and thyroid conditions (hypo and hyperthyroidism).
Disorders Affecting the Respiratory System:
Explore chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders such as bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis.
Myocardial infarctions are categorized into five types, while heart failure relates to an inability of heart function.
Goiter can result from iodine deficiency or dysfunction of the thyroid gland (overactive or underactive).
Low serum levels of T₂ and T4 hormones.
Low metabolic rate, presenting with cold intolerance, hypotension, and lethargy.
Symptoms including pale skin and potential goiter presence.
Elevated serum levels of T₂ and T4 hormones.
High metabolic rate with symptoms such as heat intolerance and exophthalmos.
Goiter frequently associated with conditions like Graves' disease.
Obstructive Disorders: Characterized by obstruction of airflow such as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).
Examples include asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis.
Restrictive Disorders: Indicate reduced lung expansion due to stiff lung tissue, such as interstitial lung disease or conditions like scoliosis.
Categories overlap with infectious causes accounting for some disorders.
Reduction in airflow, difficulty exhaling, examples include:
COPD
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Reduction in lung volume, difficulty inhaling, examples include:
Interstitial lung disease
Scoliosis
Neuromuscular disorders
Severe obesity
Infectious Diseases: Caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria) - e.g., colds, pneumonia.
Obstructive Lung Diseases: Include cystic fibrosis and asthma.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma.
Restrictive Lung Disorders: Stiff lung conditions like pneumoconioses.
Vascular Disorders: Examples include pulmonary edema.
Expansion Disorders: Conditions preventing lung expansion like pneumothorax.
Etiology: Includes factors such as genetic predisposition, smoking, and other pathogens.
Pathophysiology:
Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic fibers results in air trapping and impairment of expiration.
Symptoms include progressive dyspnea, cough, and potential for complications like pneumothorax and cor pulmonale.
Dyspnea (especially on exertion).
Hyperventilation with prolonged expiration.
Physical manifestations like barrel chest and clubbed fingers due to oxygen deprivation.
Chest radiography and pulmonary function tests are commonly used to diagnose conditions related to COPD.
Avoid irritants, ensure vaccinations to prevent infection, and implement pulmonary rehabilitation.
Medications include bronchodilators or antibiotics, and severe cases may require lung reduction surgery.
Defined by chronic coughing and excessive mucus production, often due to smoking or environmental pollution.
Complications may include severe dyspnea and potential heart conditions due to low oxygen levels.
Consists of smoking cessation, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and appropriate nutritional support.
Types:
Extrinsic: Triggered by hypersensitivity.
Intrinsic: Onset often later in life triggered by various stimuli.
Pathophysiology:
Causes include airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction leading to airway obstruction.
Including cough, wheezing, and tightness in the chest during attacks.
Possible respiratory alkalosis initially, transitioning to respiratory acidosis with severe distress.
Features include mucosal edema, mucus plugs, and bronchospasm.
Acute episodes can escalate into medical emergencies.
General measures focus on identifying triggers and proper inhalation techniques.
Severe cases require hospital intervention and potentially glucocorticoids for inflammation management.
Various respiratory disorders may stem from airflow obstructions, lung damage, and other systemic issues.
Emphysema features elasticity loss leading to overinflation.
Chronic bronchitis presents with chronic airway infections and excessive mucus.
Asthma is characterized by bronchial hyperactivity and inflammation.