Apush Units 3.10-3.12

Executive Branch: George Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson (State), Alexander Hamilton (Treasury), Henry Knox (War), and Edmund Randolph (Attorney General) to form the first cabinet.
Judicial Branch: The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the Supreme Court (one chief justice, five associate justices), along with 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeals.

Debt: Pay national debt at face value and assume state war debts. In exchange for Southern support, the nation's capital was moved to the Potomac River (Washington, D.C.).
Tariffs: Imposed high tariffs on imports to collect revenue and protect developing domestic industries.
National Bank: Chartered the privately owned Bank of the United States using a broad interpretation of the Constitution's "necessary and proper" clause.

Neutrality: Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) during the French Revolution, rejecting calls from Jefferson and "Citizen" Genêt to support France.
Jay Treaty (1794): Great Britain agreed to evacuate western frontier posts, maintaining U.S. neutrality, though it failed to address the impressment of American sailors.
Pinckney Treaty (1795): Spain granted Americans navigation rights on the Mississippi River, the right of deposit in New Orleans, and recognized Florida's northern boundary at the 31st parallel.

Abolition of Aristocratic Titles: States eliminated feudal practices such as primogeniture and confiscated Loyalist estates.
Separation of Church and State: Most states ended tax funding for religious institutions, disestablishing the Anglican Church in the South.
Regional Differences: Distinct regional cultures solidified, with slavery declining in the North while growing stronger in the South.
Cultural Growth: Expanded newspapers, American literature, and fine arts contributed to a distinct national culture alongside the emergence of the first political party system (Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans).

Government Policy: The Northwest Ordinance and the Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 attempted to regulate western land sales and Native American relations, though settlers widely ignored legal protections.
Conflict: Tribal resistance in the Northwest Territory ended in defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, forcing many Native Americans to migrate west of the Mississippi River or onto reservations.

Cotton Gin & Industrialization: Eli Whitney's cotton gin (1793) and Samuel Slater's introduction of mechanized textile manufacturing vastly increased the profitability of cotton and the demand for enslaved labor.
Interregional Slave Trade: To supply Deep South plantations in states like Alabama and Mississippi, an internal slave trade forcibly moved 500,000 to 1 million enslaved people from the Chesapeake region, breaking up families.