Flashcard 1: Q: What is the purpose of a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
A: To provide information about the cells in a patient's blood, including WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. Flashcard 2: Q: What is the normal range for WBC count?
A: 4.0-10.5 x10³/µL. Flashcard 3: Q: What does a high RBC count indicate?
A: Polycythemia, which may be due to low oxygen tension, dehydration, or kidney disease. Flashcard 4: Q: What is the normal range for hemoglobin in males?
A: 13-18 g/dL. Flashcard 5: Q: What is the normal range for hematocrit in females?
A: 37-40%. Flashcard 6: Q: What does a low WBC count (leukopenia) indicate?
A: Bone marrow failure, cytotoxic substances, autoimmune diseases, or liver/spleen disease. Flashcard 7: Q: What is the normal range for platelets?
A: 150-400 x10³/µL. Flashcard 8: Q: What does a high platelet count (thrombocytosis) indicate?
A: Chronic myeloid leukemia. Flashcard 9: Q: What does a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) indicate?
A: Aplastic anemia or chemotherapy. Flashcard 10: Q: What is the normal range for MCV?
A: 80-98 fL. Flashcard 11: Q: What is the normal range for MCH?
A: 27-34 pg. Flashcard 12: Q: What is the normal range for MCHC?
A: 32-36 g/dL. Flashcard 13: Q: What is the definition of Packed Cell Volume (PCV)?
A: The ratio of packed blood cells volume to plasma. Flashcard 14: Q: What apparatus is used to determine PCV?
A: Microhematocrit centrifuge machine. Flashcard 15: Q: What is the normal PCV range for males?
A: 40-45%. Flashcard 16: Q: What is the normal PCV range for females?
A: 37-40%. Flashcard 17: Q: What does a high hematocrit indicate?
A: Dehydration, polycythemia vera, or low oxygen tension. Flashcard 18: Q: What does a low hematocrit indicate?
A: Anemia, blood loss, bone marrow failure, hemolysis, or leukemia. Flashcard 19: Q: How is PCV calculated?
A: PCV = (RBCs volume / Total blood volume) x 100. Flashcard 20: Q: What is the formula for Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)?
A: MCV = (PCV x 10) / RBC count. Flashcard 21: Q: What is the formula for Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)?
A: MCH = (Hemoglobin x 10) / RBC count. Flashcard 22: Q: What is the formula for Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)?
A: MCHC = (Hemoglobin x 100) / PCV. Flashcard 23: Q: What is the normal range for MCV?
A: 78-98 µm³. Flashcard 24: Q: What is the normal range for MCH?
A: 27-32 pg. Flashcard 25: Q: What is the normal range for MCHC?
A: 30-35 g/dL. Flashcard 26: Q: What type of anemia is associated with low MCV and low MCH?
A: Microcytic hypochromic anemia. Flashcard 27: Q: What is the common cause of microcytic hypochromic anemia?
A: Iron deficiency. Flashcard 28: Q: What type of anemia is associated with high MCV?
A: Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia. Flashcard 29: Q: What is the common cause of macrocytic megaloblastic anemia?
A: Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency. Flashcard 30: Q: What apparatus is used to estimate hemoglobin?
A: Sahli’s hemoglobinometer. Flashcard 31: Q: What is the principle behind Sahli’s method for hemoglobin estimation?
A: Hemoglobin is converted to acid hematin (brown color) by mixing with N/10 HCl, and the color is matched against a standard. Flashcard 32: Q: What are the advantages of Sahli’s method?
A: Easy to perform, quick, inexpensive, can be used as a bedside procedure, and does not require technical expertise. Flashcard 33: Q: What are the disadvantages of Sahli’s method?
A: Less accurate, not all hemoglobins are converted, color development is slow, and color fades with time. Flashcard 34: Q: What is the normal hemoglobin range for adult males?
A: 13-18 g/dL. Flashcard 35: Q: What is the normal hemoglobin range for adult females?
A: 11.5-16.5 g/dL. Flashcard 36: Q: What is the definition of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
A: The rate at which red blood cells sediment in a period of 1 hour. Flashcard 37: Q: What is the clinical significance of ESR?
A: It is a nonspecific marker of inflammation and is used to monitor disease activity and response to therapy. Flashcard 38: Q: What is the normal ESR range for males?
A: 3-5 mm in the 1st hour and 7-15 mm in the 2nd hour. Flashcard 39: Q: What is the normal ESR range for females?
A: Slightly higher than males. Flashcard 40: Q: What factors can cause a moderately elevated ESR?
A: Infections, inflammation, anemia, malignancies, pregnancy, and old age. Flashcard 41: Q: What conditions can cause a very high ESR?
A: Multiple myeloma, polymyalgia rheumatica, and temporal arteritis. Flashcard 42: Q: What is the role of fibrinogen in ESR?
A: High fibrinogen levels cause RBCs to stick together (rouleaux), making them settle faster. Flashcard 43: Q: What apparatus is used to measure ESR?
A: Westergren’s sedimentation apparatus. Flashcard 44: Q: What is the procedure for measuring ESR using Westergren’s method?
A: Draw blood into a Westergren tube, place it upright, and measure the height of the plasma column after 1 and 2 hours. Flashcard 45: Q: What is C-reactive protein (CRP)?
A: An acute-phase protein produced by the liver during inflammation. Flashcard 46: Q: Why is CRP often used instead of ESR?
A: CRP levels rise more quickly after inflammation or infection begins. Flashcard 47: Q: What is the normal range for neutrophils?
A: 40-74%. Flashcard 48: Q: What is the normal range for lymphocytes?
A: 14-46%. Flashcard 49: Q: What is the normal range for monocytes?
A: 4-13%. Flashcard 50: Q: What is the normal range for eosinophils?
A: 0-7%