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AP World 2.3 - Exchange in the Indian Ocean

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Chapter 5: Foundations: History

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Chapter 3: Law Enforcement and the Law

Chapter 9: The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B

Chapter 9: The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B.C.- A.D. 700

Chapter 9.1: The Earliest Americans

Thousands of years ago, the Americas were connected by a land bridge to Asia.

Experts believe that some of the first people came to the Americas from Asia over this land bridge.

This land bridge is known as Beringia.

Others may have arrived by boat.

The first Americans arrived sometime toward the end of the last Ice Age.

Herds of wild animals migrated across the plains of the Beringia land bridge.

Gradually Siberian Hunters followed these animals into North America.

These migrants became the first Americans.

No one knows for sure when the first Americans arrived.

Some scholars believe that they arrived as early as 40,000 BC.

others believe that they arrived as late as 10,000 BC.
Recent discoveries of possible pre-Clovis sites have challenged this theory.

This discovery was made at Monte Verde, Chile, near the southern tip of the Americas.
Researchers have found evidence of human life dating back to 10,500 BC

They had found animal hide and various tools.
They also found preserved meat and a child’s single footprint.

A skull discovered near Mexico City has recently been dated to about 11,000 BC which makes it the oldest skull ever found in the . Americas.

Scientists believe that it is related to the Ainu people of Japan and that they reached the Americas by island hopping on boats.

People’s most challenging and rewarding prey was the mammoth.

Thisa animal provided meat, hide, and bones for food, clothing, shelters, and tools.
Eventually large mammals like the mammoth were over hunted and went extinct.

Hunters then turned to deer and rabbits for their survival, as well as fish and edible fruits

They moved regularly in search of food, and lived in caves and temporary shelters until they relocated again.

Gradually the earliest americans became more familiar with plant foods.

They began to experiment with the simple methods of farming.

In 7000 BC the people began to rely more on wild edible plants, raising some of them from seeds.
By 5000 BC many had begun to grow these plants.

These included squashes, gourds, beans, avocados, and chilies.

By 3400 BC these early farmers grew maize.

It soon became one of the most important crops.
It flourished in the tropical climate of Mexico.

Over the next several centuries, farming methods became more advanced.

In central Mexico native farmers created small islands in swamps and shallow lakes by stacking layers of vegetation, dirt, and mud.

They planted crops on top of the island soil.
The surrounding water provided irrigation.

These floating gardens were very productive, and yielded up to 3 harvests a year.

Agriculture brought great change to people’s lives.

The cultivation of crops provided a more stable way of living with more dependable food.
This encouraged the settlement and establishment of large communities.
There was an increase in population as well as more specialized skills in arts and crafts, building trades, and other fields.

This is where a difference in social classes between the rich and the poor began to emerge.
Society became more complex.

Chapter 9.2: Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

Mesoamerica stretches south from central Mexico to northern Honduras.

Here, the first complex societies in the Americas arose.
Mesoamerica’s first known civilization builders were a people known as the Olmec,

They began carving out a society around 1200 BC in the jungles of southern Mexico.
They influenced neighboring groups, as well as the later civilization of the region.

In 1860 in the coastal plain of southeastern Mexico uncovered was a stone sculpture.

It stood 5 feet tall and weighed around 8 tons.
It was of an enormous head, wearing a headpiece.

It was carved in a realistic style, with thick lips, a flat nose, and large oval eyes.
This was a remnant of the Olmec civilization, along with the others that were discovered later.

The Gulf Coast seemed an unlikely site for a high culture to take root.

It was hot and humid and covered with swamps and jungles.
The region did have its advantages,

There were abundant deposits of salt and tar, and fine clay to be used for pottery.
There was also wood and rubber from the rainforest.
The hills to the north provided hard stone from which the Olmec coil dmake tools and monuments.
The floodplains of the rivers provided fertile land for farming.

The Olmec used their resources to build thriving communities.

The oldest site, San Lorenzo, dates back to around 1150 BC.

Here, archaeologists uncovered important clues that offered a glimpse into the Olmec world.

They discovered earthen mounds, courtyards, and pyramids.

Set among these earthworks were large stone monuments.

They included columns, altars, and more colossal, sculpted heads, which may have represented particular Olmec rulers.
They weighed as much as 44 tons.

Another significant Olmec site was La Venta which rose around 900 BC.

Researchers discovered a 100 foot high mound of earth and clay.
This structure may have served as the tomb of a great Olmec ruler.
This is known as the Great Pyramid, the mound may have also been the center of the Olmec region.

Experts believe the Olmec prayed to a variety of nature gods.
They probably worshiped the jaguar spirit.

Numerous Olmec sculptures and carvings depict a half-human, half-jaguar creature.
Some scholars believe that the jaguar represented a powerful rain god.
Others contend that there were several jaguar gods, representing the earth, fertility, and maize.

Archaeologists once believed that sites such as La Venta were ceremonial centers where important rituals were performed but few people lived.

The Olmec appear to have been a prosperous people who directed a large trading network throughout Mesoamerica.
Olmec goods traveled as far as Mexico City to the North and Honduras to the south.

Raw materials including iron ore and various stones- reached San Lorenzo from faraway regions,

This trade network helped boost the Olmec economy and spread Olmec influence.

For reasons that are not fully understood, Olmec civilization eventually collapsed.

Scholars believe San Lorenzo was destroyed around 900 BC.
La Venta may have fallen sometime around 400 BC.

Some experts speculate that outside invaders caused the destruction.

Oaxaca is a rugged region of mountains and valleys in southern Mexico.

In the center of the state, three valleys meet to form a large open area known as the Oaxaca Valley.
The valley has fertile soil, a mild climate, and enough rainfall to support agriculture.

Various people made the valley their home, including the ancient Zapotec.

The Zapotec lived in scattered villages throughout the valley.
They constructed stone platforms.
They built temples and began work on monumental sculptures.
By 500 BC they had developed earl;y forms of writing and a calendar system.

Around 500 BC Zapotec civilizations took a major leap forward.

They built the first real urban center in the Americas, Monte Alban.

It grew and prospered over the next several centuries.
In 200 BC Monte Alban was home t o around 15,000 people.
It eventually would reach a peak population of almost 25000.
At the heart of the city was a giant plaza paved with stones.

Chapter 9.3: Early Civilizations of the Andes

South America’s first civilizations emerged in the northern Andes region, in Peru.

Peru was a harsh place to develop a civilization.
They are steep and rocky, with generally poor soil.
Ice and snow cover the highest elevations year-round.

Overland travel is difficult.

Climate was hot and dry during the day and freezing at night.
In some places there were rivers that crossed the desert where rain seldom falls.

It was in these river valleys where the first settlements occurred.

Between 3600 and 2500 BC, people began to establish villages along the Pacific coast.

The first inhabitants were hunter gatherers who relied on seafood and small games for their survival.
Around 3000 BC these people began to farm.

By 1800 BC a number of thriving communities existed along the coast.

The first influential civilization that arose not on the coast but in the mountains.

This culture known as the Chacin flourished from around 900 to 200 BC.

They named the culture after a major ruin, Chavin de Huantar, in the northern highlands of Peru.

This site features pyramids, plazas, adn massive earthen mounds.

The culture spread quickly across much of northern and central Peru.

Archaeologists have found no evidence of political or economic organization within the culture.

They conclude that the Chavin were primarily a religious civilization.
The spread of Chavin art styles and religious images as seen in stone carving, pottery, and textiles, which shows the powerful influence of this culture.

Ancient Perruvians may have visited Chavin temples to pay their respects.

They carried their idea back to their communities.

Around the time Chavin culture declined, other civilizations were emerging in Peru.

First the Nazca and then the Moche built societies that flourished in the Andes

The Nazca culture flourished along the southern coast of Peru from around 200 BC to AD 600.
This area is extremely dry.
They developed extensive irrigation systems, including underground canals, that allowed them to farm the land.
They are known for their beautiful textiles and pottery.

Both feature images of animals and mythological beings.

On the northern coast of Peru, the Moche culture was rising which lasted from about AD 100 to AD 700.

They took advantage of the rivers that flowed from the Andes mountains
They built impressive irrigation systems to water their wide range of crops, which included corn, beans, potatoes, squash, and peanuts.
Moche tombs uncovered in the recent past revealed a civilization with enormous wealth.

Archaeologists found beautiful jewelry crafted from gold, silver, and semiprecious stones.

They were brilliant ceramic artists.

They created pottery that depicted scenes from everyday life.
Moche pots show doctors healing patients, women weaving cloth, and musicians playing instruments.
They also show fiere soldiers armed with spears leading enemy captives.

Moche never developed a written language.

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Chapter 9: The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B

Chapter 9: The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B.C.- A.D. 700

Chapter 9.1: The Earliest Americans

Thousands of years ago, the Americas were connected by a land bridge to Asia.

Experts believe that some of the first people came to the Americas from Asia over this land bridge.

This land bridge is known as Beringia.

Others may have arrived by boat.

The first Americans arrived sometime toward the end of the last Ice Age.

Herds of wild animals migrated across the plains of the Beringia land bridge.

Gradually Siberian Hunters followed these animals into North America.

These migrants became the first Americans.

No one knows for sure when the first Americans arrived.

Some scholars believe that they arrived as early as 40,000 BC.

others believe that they arrived as late as 10,000 BC.
Recent discoveries of possible pre-Clovis sites have challenged this theory.

This discovery was made at Monte Verde, Chile, near the southern tip of the Americas.
Researchers have found evidence of human life dating back to 10,500 BC

They had found animal hide and various tools.
They also found preserved meat and a child’s single footprint.

A skull discovered near Mexico City has recently been dated to about 11,000 BC which makes it the oldest skull ever found in the . Americas.

Scientists believe that it is related to the Ainu people of Japan and that they reached the Americas by island hopping on boats.

People’s most challenging and rewarding prey was the mammoth.

Thisa animal provided meat, hide, and bones for food, clothing, shelters, and tools.
Eventually large mammals like the mammoth were over hunted and went extinct.

Hunters then turned to deer and rabbits for their survival, as well as fish and edible fruits

They moved regularly in search of food, and lived in caves and temporary shelters until they relocated again.

Gradually the earliest americans became more familiar with plant foods.

They began to experiment with the simple methods of farming.

In 7000 BC the people began to rely more on wild edible plants, raising some of them from seeds.
By 5000 BC many had begun to grow these plants.

These included squashes, gourds, beans, avocados, and chilies.

By 3400 BC these early farmers grew maize.

It soon became one of the most important crops.
It flourished in the tropical climate of Mexico.

Over the next several centuries, farming methods became more advanced.

In central Mexico native farmers created small islands in swamps and shallow lakes by stacking layers of vegetation, dirt, and mud.

They planted crops on top of the island soil.
The surrounding water provided irrigation.

These floating gardens were very productive, and yielded up to 3 harvests a year.

Agriculture brought great change to people’s lives.

The cultivation of crops provided a more stable way of living with more dependable food.
This encouraged the settlement and establishment of large communities.
There was an increase in population as well as more specialized skills in arts and crafts, building trades, and other fields.

This is where a difference in social classes between the rich and the poor began to emerge.
Society became more complex.

Chapter 9.2: Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

Mesoamerica stretches south from central Mexico to northern Honduras.

Here, the first complex societies in the Americas arose.
Mesoamerica’s first known civilization builders were a people known as the Olmec,

They began carving out a society around 1200 BC in the jungles of southern Mexico.
They influenced neighboring groups, as well as the later civilization of the region.

In 1860 in the coastal plain of southeastern Mexico uncovered was a stone sculpture.

It stood 5 feet tall and weighed around 8 tons.
It was of an enormous head, wearing a headpiece.

It was carved in a realistic style, with thick lips, a flat nose, and large oval eyes.
This was a remnant of the Olmec civilization, along with the others that were discovered later.

The Gulf Coast seemed an unlikely site for a high culture to take root.

It was hot and humid and covered with swamps and jungles.
The region did have its advantages,

There were abundant deposits of salt and tar, and fine clay to be used for pottery.
There was also wood and rubber from the rainforest.
The hills to the north provided hard stone from which the Olmec coil dmake tools and monuments.
The floodplains of the rivers provided fertile land for farming.

The Olmec used their resources to build thriving communities.

The oldest site, San Lorenzo, dates back to around 1150 BC.

Here, archaeologists uncovered important clues that offered a glimpse into the Olmec world.

They discovered earthen mounds, courtyards, and pyramids.

Set among these earthworks were large stone monuments.

They included columns, altars, and more colossal, sculpted heads, which may have represented particular Olmec rulers.
They weighed as much as 44 tons.

Another significant Olmec site was La Venta which rose around 900 BC.

Researchers discovered a 100 foot high mound of earth and clay.
This structure may have served as the tomb of a great Olmec ruler.
This is known as the Great Pyramid, the mound may have also been the center of the Olmec region.

Experts believe the Olmec prayed to a variety of nature gods.
They probably worshiped the jaguar spirit.

Numerous Olmec sculptures and carvings depict a half-human, half-jaguar creature.
Some scholars believe that the jaguar represented a powerful rain god.
Others contend that there were several jaguar gods, representing the earth, fertility, and maize.

Archaeologists once believed that sites such as La Venta were ceremonial centers where important rituals were performed but few people lived.

The Olmec appear to have been a prosperous people who directed a large trading network throughout Mesoamerica.
Olmec goods traveled as far as Mexico City to the North and Honduras to the south.

Raw materials including iron ore and various stones- reached San Lorenzo from faraway regions,

This trade network helped boost the Olmec economy and spread Olmec influence.

For reasons that are not fully understood, Olmec civilization eventually collapsed.

Scholars believe San Lorenzo was destroyed around 900 BC.
La Venta may have fallen sometime around 400 BC.

Some experts speculate that outside invaders caused the destruction.

Oaxaca is a rugged region of mountains and valleys in southern Mexico.

In the center of the state, three valleys meet to form a large open area known as the Oaxaca Valley.
The valley has fertile soil, a mild climate, and enough rainfall to support agriculture.

Various people made the valley their home, including the ancient Zapotec.

The Zapotec lived in scattered villages throughout the valley.
They constructed stone platforms.
They built temples and began work on monumental sculptures.
By 500 BC they had developed earl;y forms of writing and a calendar system.

Around 500 BC Zapotec civilizations took a major leap forward.

They built the first real urban center in the Americas, Monte Alban.

It grew and prospered over the next several centuries.
In 200 BC Monte Alban was home t o around 15,000 people.
It eventually would reach a peak population of almost 25000.
At the heart of the city was a giant plaza paved with stones.

Chapter 9.3: Early Civilizations of the Andes

South America’s first civilizations emerged in the northern Andes region, in Peru.

Peru was a harsh place to develop a civilization.
They are steep and rocky, with generally poor soil.
Ice and snow cover the highest elevations year-round.

Overland travel is difficult.

Climate was hot and dry during the day and freezing at night.
In some places there were rivers that crossed the desert where rain seldom falls.

It was in these river valleys where the first settlements occurred.

Between 3600 and 2500 BC, people began to establish villages along the Pacific coast.

The first inhabitants were hunter gatherers who relied on seafood and small games for their survival.
Around 3000 BC these people began to farm.

By 1800 BC a number of thriving communities existed along the coast.

The first influential civilization that arose not on the coast but in the mountains.

This culture known as the Chacin flourished from around 900 to 200 BC.

They named the culture after a major ruin, Chavin de Huantar, in the northern highlands of Peru.

This site features pyramids, plazas, adn massive earthen mounds.

The culture spread quickly across much of northern and central Peru.

Archaeologists have found no evidence of political or economic organization within the culture.

They conclude that the Chavin were primarily a religious civilization.
The spread of Chavin art styles and religious images as seen in stone carving, pottery, and textiles, which shows the powerful influence of this culture.

Ancient Perruvians may have visited Chavin temples to pay their respects.

They carried their idea back to their communities.

Around the time Chavin culture declined, other civilizations were emerging in Peru.

First the Nazca and then the Moche built societies that flourished in the Andes

The Nazca culture flourished along the southern coast of Peru from around 200 BC to AD 600.
This area is extremely dry.
They developed extensive irrigation systems, including underground canals, that allowed them to farm the land.
They are known for their beautiful textiles and pottery.

Both feature images of animals and mythological beings.

On the northern coast of Peru, the Moche culture was rising which lasted from about AD 100 to AD 700.

They took advantage of the rivers that flowed from the Andes mountains
They built impressive irrigation systems to water their wide range of crops, which included corn, beans, potatoes, squash, and peanuts.
Moche tombs uncovered in the recent past revealed a civilization with enormous wealth.

Archaeologists found beautiful jewelry crafted from gold, silver, and semiprecious stones.

They were brilliant ceramic artists.

They created pottery that depicted scenes from everyday life.
Moche pots show doctors healing patients, women weaving cloth, and musicians playing instruments.
They also show fiere soldiers armed with spears leading enemy captives.

Moche never developed a written language.

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