Chapter 8 Key Terms and Concepts in PT

Chapter 8: Key Terms

Autonomy

• The degree to which individuals feel responsible for initiating and maintaining their behaviors.

Behavior Change

• Influencing whether people will and can successfully adapt to new behaviors, as well as how they adopt them.

Behavior Change Theory

• An attempt to explain the factors influencing whether people will and can successfully adapt to new behaviors, as well as how they adopt behaviors.

Cognitive Factors

• Relate to patients' knowledge and understanding of health and wellness that influence behaviors.
• Important to assess in an examination as part of PT services.

Competence

• The degree to which people feel able to achieve their goals and desired outcomes.

Decisional Balance

• A major construct of the transtheoretical model.
• Involves weighing the pros and cons of adopting new health behaviors.

Exercise

• A subset of physical activity.

Goal Setting

• Used to help patients identify specific actions they want to take to adopt a new behavior.

Health

• A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or illness.
• Example: A person with a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and strong social ties.

Health Behaviors

• Actions/habits individuals engage in that impact their health (health status and disease risks).
• Examples: Physical activity and diet.
• Reduces chance of noncommunicable diseases choices people make that affect their health.

Health Coaching

• A patient-centered approach where a healthcare professional trained in behavior change techniques (BCT) assists in changing behaviors and improving health and well-being.

Health Promotion

• Helps individuals take charge of their health.
• Not just about avoiding sickness but also about feeling your best.
• Uses education, support, and good environments to keep people healthy.

Health-Related Quality of Life

• An individual's or group's perceived physical and mental health over time.
• Example: How well a person with diabetes manages their condition while staying active, energized, and socially engaged.

Health Risk Assessment

• A questionnaire that efficiently evaluates health risks based on medical history and self-reported behaviors/clinical measurements like blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
• Separates evaluating of patient risks.

Healthy Eating

• Balanced and varied diet using a variety of sources of nutrition, such as fruits, veggies, whole grains, lean protein, and unsaturated fats, to meet the body's nutrient goals.
• Minimize additives and unhealthy trans fats.
• Stay hydrated and aware of portion sizes.

Lifestyle

• The way a person lives, including their habits, behaviors, and daily routines.
• Example: Someone who works out every day, eats healthily, sleeps well, and spends weekends with family and friends.

Motivation

• The reason why people behave as they do.
• Driven by intrinsic or extrinsic factors.

Motivational Interviewing

• Designed to explore intrinsic motivation to change by identifying conflicts between current behaviors and personal values and resolving ambivalence about the behavior.

Noncommunicable Diseases

• Not spread from person to person.
• Examples: Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, COPD, HIV/AIDS.
• Accounted for 50% of deaths.

Perceptions

• Ability to integrate various simultaneous sensory inputs and respond appropriately.

Physical Activity

• Any body movement that results in energy expenditure.

Physical Fitness

• Health-related components such as cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, body composition, and flexibility.
• Enables someone to carry out daily tasks.

Primary Prevention

• Activities that prevent injury or disease.
• Examples: Weight-bearing exercises to prevent osteoporosis, bending with legs to avoid spinal injury.

Processes of Change

• Strategies employed at different stages in adopting a new health behavior.

Relatedness

• The extent to which people feel connected to others in a warm, positive, and interpersonal manner.

Secondary Prevention

• Actions taken after disease onset to reduce severity and progression.
• Examples: Cancer screening or blood pressure monitoring.

Self-Determination Theory

• Humans possess three basic psychological needs, and when environments support these needs, people will thrive.

Self-Efficacy

• Confidence that one can successfully engage in a behavior across different challenging situations.

Sleep Hygiene

• Habits such as going to bed at the same time every day and having a bedtime routine to ensure you're sleepy when you go to bed.
• Don't eat a large meal before bedtime, avoid consuming caffeine, exercise regularly, and maintain a healthy diet.

Smoking Cessation

• The process of quitting the use of tobacco products.

Social Cognitive Theory

• Individual behavior results from the continual interaction between their environment, personal factors like thoughts and beliefs, and the behavior itself.

Stages of Change

• In the Transtheoretical Model, there are five stages that people progress through as they adopt a new healthy behavior: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Stress Management

• Identify your stressors, incorporate relaxation/coping strategies, and seek solutions to avoid, control, and manage stress.

Tertiary Prevention

• Activities to slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
• Examples: Physical therapy after stroke or for chronic back pain, cardiac rehab post-heart attack, insulin for diabetes.

Transtheoretical Model

• A theory stating that people progress through stages as they adopt new health behaviors.

Wellness

• Active pursuit of overall well-being through balanced physical and mental/emotional health.
• Example: Someone who eats healthily, exercises regularly, and has strong relationships with friends and family.

Notes Per Section

Section 8.1: Introduction and Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease

• Noncommunicable diseases are conditions that are not spread from person to person.
• The focus of the chapter is to describe the roles of physical therapy and overall wellness services to the public.
• Falls under Group 2 prevention and wellness.

Physical Activity Recommendations

• Adults should aim for: 150-300 minutes of moderate activity OR 75-150 minutes of vigorous exercise, or any equivalent combination of the two.
• Involving major muscle groups for medium or greater intensity on two or more days of the week.

State of Wellbeing

• A state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being (e.g., exercise, balanced diet, no chronic diseases).

Nutrition

• Poor nutrition can lead to obesity and many conditions treated by PT, so weight assessments and management should be part of patient care.

Dietary Guidelines

• Having an eating pattern that includes veggies, fruits, and grains, and having nutrient-dense foods to meet nutrient needs within calorie limits.
• Consuming goods low in added sugars and cutting down on foods and beverages that are higher in saturated fats and sodium; shift to healthier food and beverages that are nutrient-based, and support everyone's healthy eating pattern.

Sleep Habits

• Go to bed at the same time every day, have a bedtime routine to ensure you're sleepy, don't eat a large meal before bedtime, avoid caffeine, exercise regularly, and maintain a healthy diet.

Types of Stress

• Eustress (positive stress) and distress (negative stress).

Sleep Recommendations for Teenagers

• 13-17-year-olds need around 10 hours of sleep.

Tobacco Use

• Smoking in the US: ~14% of adults currently smoke.
• A leading cause of preventable death that delays healing and negatively impacts recovery from disease and injury.
• PTs can enforce the 5 A's framework to encourage smoking cessation:
  • Ask patients about tobacco use.
  • Advise patients clearly and strongly to quit smoking.
  • Assess the patient's willingness to quit.
  • Assist the patient in quitting.
  • Arrange the follow-up process.

Transtheoretical Model (TM)

• Developed based on the observation that people progress through stages as they adopt new health behaviors.
  • Precontemplation: Being unaware of the need for change or having failed to change.
  • Contemplation: Weighing the pros and cons of change.

Social Determination Theory

• Helps patients adopt a behavior by first identifying the type of motivation the patient has.
• Helps physical therapists implement strategies to develop intrinsic motivation by providing relevant information and meaningful rationales for change.

Self-Efficacy and the Environment

• Self-efficacy: Helps patients' confidence to perform exercises.
• The environment helps check if the home and community support physical activity and sets clear goals and feedback, keeping patients motivated.

Perceived Wellness Survey

• A 36-item questionnaire that measures wellness in six dimensions: physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, social, and psychological.

Healthy Eating

• Essential for the proper functioning of the body's systems.

Inadequate Sleep

• Associated with heart disease, obesity, and depression.
• Recommended sleep duration for ages 18-60: 7 or more hours.

Stress Management

• The non-specific response of the body to any demand.
• Refers to techniques aimed at relieving distress or situations viewed negatively.