Branches of chemistry=

1) Analythical chemistry:

• Matematiksel işlem ve analizlerle ilgilenir

• Quantitavite

• Qualitative ( chemical compositions)

2) Biochemistry

• The chemistry of living organisms

• Biological processes

  ( e.g: Microscopic analyses, drugs)

3) Organic chemistry

• Organic samples containing “carbon”

• The structure, properties of compounds

  ( natural gas, dyes, candle, soap, fabric etc.)

4) Inorganic chemistry

• Characteristics, reactions of inorganic compounds ( not containing carbon)

  (Asit, baz, tuz vb)

5) Polymer chemistry

• Focuses on macromolecules ( large molecules)

6) Physical chemistry

• Properties and behaviors of chemical systems

• How energy and reaction occur

• ( e.g: photosynthesis)

Lab equipments:

Graduated cylinder:

• To measure volume

• Has frequent lines

• precisely

Beaker:

• Most common

• Net sonuç vermez

• Can’t use stopper

Wash bottle:

• To was something

• To pour liquid substances

Gloves:

• To protect hands

Stopper:

• To avoid gas emmision

• Goes over flasks ( erlenmayer)

Googles:

• To protect eyes

Beaker tongs:

• To hold hot beakers

Test tube brush:

• To clean test tubes

Eye dropper:

• To transfer little amounts of liquids

• Exact measurement

Volumetric flask:

• Detaylı hesaplama için kullanılır

• Also for solution preparation

Crucible:

• To heat hot solids

• Very heat resistant

• Porselen

Spatula:

• Used to cary solids around

Bunsen burner:

• Heats substances with natural gas

Test tube rack:

• To organize test tubes

Alcohol burner:

• Burns alcohol

Test tube holder:

• To hold test tubes

Stirring rods:

• To mix substances

• Glass

• Fragile

Burette:

• Used to mesure volume

• Has a tap to adjust

Watch glass: ( multi purpose)

• To keep solid substances

Thermometer:

• To measure temperature

Electronic balance:

• measure grams

• Sensitive

Test tubes:

• For little amounts of solids

Martar , pestle:

• To smash solids into powder form

Flasks ( erlenmayer):

• Used for liquids that need stoppers ( gas emmision)

Funnel:

• To pour substances into small mouths

Hot plate:

• To heat substances with energy ( electric)

Fume hood:

• Emmits dangerous gas and helps to care for health during experiments toxic gases are produced etc…

Daily chemical safety=

Chlorine:

• Exists as gas at room temperature

• Mixture of bleach and spirit of salt

• Fragile

• Dangerous for airway and lungs

Bleach:

• Used for bleaching, cleaning

• Direct contact is dangerous

• Mixture with ammonia based cleaning products can cause toxic vapors and respiratory damage

Spirit of salt: ( hidroklorik asit)

• A gas

• Used to remove lime and organic stains

• Can cause health issues in stomache or throat

Lime remover: ( nitric acid)

• A solution of nitric acid is preferred

• To clean lime stain

• Causes skin burns, eye damage

• Should be rinsed in any contact

Grout ( harç):

• To fill the gaps between areas

• All types can be dangerous and toxic

• Can cause damage

Grease remover: ( Sodium hidroxide) ( decreaser)

• To clean grease

• Mixture with water is very dangerous

• Skin will become dry

Mercury ( cıva):

• Liquid in room temperature

• Heavy metal

• Toxic( direct contant is so dangerous)

Declare = Çözücü

Undilluted = Konsantre miktarda

Dilute = seyreltik

Atomic models/ theories=

1) Dalton:

• First name of atoms is atomos

• Atom is full sphere

• The smallest particle is atom

• Atoms are identical

• Compounds are made of two or more elements

2) Thomson:

-Plum pudding model ( the electrons are the plums and rest of the cake is positively charged)

-Cathod ray tube experiment:

İki adet levhanın olduğu tubea katot ışınları gönderilir ve ışınlar pozitif yüklü magnet tarafından çekilir ve yönü değişir)

Yüklü birşey yaklaştırıldığında etkilediğine göre karşı güçler vardır der.

• Discovery of electrons ( negatively charged particles

• Electronların sabit durduğunu düşünür ( wrong)

Rutherford:

• Discovery of protons

• Discovery of nucleus

-Gold fuel experiment:

• Alpha ışınları altın levhaya gönderilir

• Çoğu ışın direk geçerken az bi kısmı 90 dan fazla dereceyle ters yansır

  ( Bu yüzden dengeleyici bir güç olması gerektiğini söyler)

• Protonları çekirdeğe toplar

• Electrons are moving

Chadwic:

• Discovery of neutrons

Bohr:

• Discovery of orbits around the nucleus ( electrons are moving on stable orbits)

• Energy of electron depends on the size of the orbit ( protonlar tarafından ne kadar az çekilirse o kadar enerjisi kalır)

• Each orbit has different enegry levels

-First orbit is ground state

-Others are excited states

more energy = greater distance from the nucleus

Orbits can be shown as n=1 etc or K,L,M,N

Absorption:

-Absorbing the energy electrons move to higher states ( can absorb heat)

• The absorbed energy is equal to the energy amount between orbits

Emmision:

-Electrons move to lower orbits when emmiting ( giving away) energy

• Emmited energy is equal to the energy between orbits

• Enerjiyi verirken ısı da yayabilir