Psych week 10

Sure! Here are simple and clear notes for each term you listed:

1. Somatogenic Hypothesis

• Mental disorders come from biological or physical causes (like brain injury, genetics, or chemical imbalances).

2. Psychogenic Hypothesis

• Mental disorders come from psychological causes, like trauma, stress, or negative thoughts.

3. Biopsychosocial Model

• Mental illness is caused by a mix of:

  • Biological (genes, brain chemistry)

  • Psychological (thoughts, emotions)

  • Social (family, culture, life experiences) factors.

4. Diathesis-Stress Model

• Mental illness happens when someone with a predisposition (diathesis) faces stress.

• Example: A person with a genetic risk for depression might become depressed after a breakup.

5. Mental Disorder

• A condition that affects a person’s thinking, feeling, behavior, or mood.

• It causes distress or problems in daily life.

6. DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition)

• A guide doctors use to diagnose mental disorders.

• Lists symptoms, criteria, and types of mental disorders.

7. Disorders in DSM-5 Include:

• Anxiety disorders

• Depressive disorders

• Bipolar disorders

• Schizophrenia spectrum

• Eating disorders

• OCD and related disorders

• Trauma and stress-related disorders, and more

8. Anxiety Disorders

• Involve excessive fear or worry.

• Types include:

  • Panic disorder

  • Generalized anxiety disorder

  • Phobias

  • Social anxiety disorder

  • Agoraphobia

9. Panic Disorder

• Sudden, intense panic attacks with symptoms like heart racing, dizziness, or feeling like you're dying.

10. Agoraphobia

• Fear of places where escape might be hard or help wouldn’t be available during a panic attack (like crowds, public transport).

11. Social Anxiety Disorder

• Fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations (like public speaking or eating in front of others).

12. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

• Constant, excessive worry about many things (school, health, money) even when there’s no real danger.

13. Phobias

• Strong, irrational fears of specific things (like spiders, heights, flying).

• The fear is bigger than the actual danger.

14. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• Obsessions = unwanted thoughts

• Compulsions = repetitive behaviors to ease the anxiety (like washing hands a lot)

15. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Happens after a trauma (like war, assault, accident).

• Symptoms: flashbacks, nightmares, being on edge.

16. Depression

• Ongoing sadness or emptiness, loss of interest, changes in sleep/appetite, low energy, thoughts of worthlessness.

17. Bulimia Nervosa

• A cycle of binge eating followed by purging (vomiting, laxatives) to avoid weight gain.

18. Binge Eating Disorder

• Eating a lot in one sitting, feeling out of control, but not purging afterward.

• Often leads to guilt or shame

1. Philippe Pinel

• A French doctor who treated mentally ill people with kindness.

• Helped start more humane treatment in asylums in the 1700s.

2. William Tuke

• An English Quaker who also believed in gentle, respectful care for the mentally ill.

• Opened the York Retreat, a peaceful place for care.

3. Psychotherapy

• Talk therapy — helping people deal with problems by talking to a trained therapist.

• Different approaches like CBT, psychodynamic, humanistic, etc.

4. Sigmund Freud

• Father of psychoanalysis.

• Believed mental illness came from unconscious conflicts, especially from childhood.

5. Psychodynamic Therapies vs. Psychoanalysis

• Psychoanalysis: Freud’s original method, very in-depth, long-term, focuses on unconscious and past.

• Psychodynamic therapy: A more modern, shorter version of psychoanalysis, still looks at feelings and relationships but more focused on current issues.

6. Existential and Humanistic Traditions

• Focus on self-growth, meaning, choice, and being your true self.

• Believe people are naturally good and can heal through self-awareness.

7. Carl Rogers

• Humanistic therapist who developed Client-Centered Therapy.

• Believed in empathy, unconditional positive regard, and letting the client guide the session.

8. Ivan Pavlov

• Known for classical conditioning (learning through associations).

• Famous experiment: dogs salivated at the sound of a bell after it was paired with food.

9. B.F. Skinner

• Known for operant conditioning (learning through rewards and punishments).

• Believed behavior is shaped by consequences.

10. Different Types of Therapy

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Changes negative thoughts and behaviors.

• Humanistic Therapy: Focuses on self-growth and emotions.

• Psychodynamic Therapy: Explores unconscious and past conflicts.

• Behavioral Therapy: Changes behaviors through conditioning.

• Group Therapy: Therapy in a group setting.

• Family/Couples Therapy: Focuses on relationships and communication.

11. RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial)

• A scientific study that tests if a therapy works by comparing people who get the therapy to those who don’t.

• Considered the gold standard in research.

12. Meta-Analysis

• A study that combines results from many other studies to see overall patterns and effects.

13. Eclecticism

• Using a mix of different therapy approaches based on the client’s needs.

14. Proponents

• People who support a certain method or idea.

• Example: Proponents of CBT believe it works well for many disorders.

15. Opponents

• People who disagree with a method or idea.

• Example: Opponents of psychoanalysis may say it’s too slow or outdated.