Vocabulary

The Grapes of Wrath

1.      What is the purpose of chapter 1 of The Grapes of Wrath?

·         Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the environmental and economic collapse of the Dust Bowl era. It sets the tone for the novel, illustrating the devastation of the land and the suffering of the people. Steinbeck uses vivid imagery to convey the harshness of nature and the social conditions that drive the Joad family to leave their land and head to California.

2.      Be familiar with the themes presented in The Grapes of Wrath. What are they? Which events/intercalary chapters does the author use to develop them? Which characters help develop them?

·         Social Injustice and Inequality: Steinbeck critiques the economic systems that exploit migrant workers and create vast disparities between the rich and the poor. Intercalary chapters, such as the one detailing the plight of farm laborers or the descriptions of the oppressive actions of the landowners, highlight this theme. Characters like Jim Casy and Tom Joad embody the struggle for justice and equality.

·         Family and Solidarity: The Joad family’s unity and Ma Joad’s leadership symbolize the strength of familial ties and collective action in the face of adversity. Ma Joad’s determination to keep the family together while traveling west develops this theme.

·         Human Dignity and the American Dream: The Joads’ journey represents the pursuit of a better life, yet the novel emphasizes how difficult and elusive that dream can be for disenfranchised people. The intercalary chapters about the challenges faced by migrant workers contribute to this theme.

·         The Land and Nature: The novel presents the land as both a source of life and destruction. The devastation of the Dust Bowl and the eventual disenfranchisement of the Joads reflect the theme of the land’s power over people.

3.      In chapter 6, Tom Joad and Jim Casy go to Ma and Pa's place and have this conversation: Joad stopped at the step, a twelve-by-twelve timber. "Doorstep's here," he said. "But they're gone—or Ma's dead." He pointed to the low gate across the front door. "If Ma was anywheres about, that gate'd be shut an' hooked. That's one thing she always done—seen that gate was shut." His eyes were warm. "Ever since the ______________________ got out and ___________________________.” What words go in the blanks?

·         "Ever since the flood got out

·         Pa swore at it."

4.      Their first night on the road, what important thing does the Joad family realize they forgot?

·          The Joad family realizes they forgot to bring food on their first night on the road, an essential item for survival.

5.      Read the following quote from The Grapes of Wrath: Without warning, Granpa began to cry. His chin wavered and his old lips tightened over his mouth and he sobbed hoarsely. Ma rushed over to him and put her arms around him. She lifted him to his feet, her broad back straining, and she half lifted, half helped him into the tent. What happened next?

·          After Granpa cries, Ma Joad helps him into the tent. He is still upset, but she reassures him. This scene emphasizes the deep emotional and physical toll the journey is taking on the elderly members of the family.

6.      In a conversation between Jim Casy and Tom Joad: "Tom, I been watchin' the cars on the road, them we passed an' them that passed us. I been keepin' track." "Track a what?" What has Casy noticed?

·          Jim Casy notices that the cars passing by on the road are often filled with other families like the Joads, all heading toward California. He observes that the cars represent a migration of people seeking a better life, driven by the same hopes and dreams.

7.      In an exchange between the contractor and Floyd: "I got a right to run my business my own way. If you men want to sit here on your ass, O.K. I'm out getting men for Tulare County. Going to need a lot of men.”
Floyd turned to the crowd of men. They were standing up now, looking quietly from one speaker to the other. Floyd said, “Twicet now I've fell for that. Maybe he needs a thousan' men. He'll get five thousan' there, an' he'll pay fifteen cents an hour. An' you poor bastards'll have to take it 'cause you'll be hungry. 'F he wants to hire men, let him hire 'em an' write out an' say what he's gonna pay. Ast ta see his license. He ain't allowed to contract men without a license." What happens next?

·          After Floyd’s exchange with the contractor, the crowd of men begins to stand up, sensing the contractor's manipulation. Floyd points out that the contractor is exploiting the workers by offering low wages, and the workers are likely to take the job out of desperation.

8.      What happens with Connie and Rosasharn when they are at the Hooverville?

·          Connie and Rosasharn experience tension at the Hooverville. Connie is disappointed with their situation, and Rosasharn becomes more concerned about their survival and their future. Their relationship is strained as the harsh realities of their journey begin to set in.

9.      Uncle John is charged with the task to bury Rosasharn’s baby. Which bible story is this connected to?

·            The Bible story connected to Uncle John burying Rosasharn’s baby is that of Job, who experiences immense suffering and loss. Uncle John’s actions mirror the themes of suffering and redemption in the Book of Job.

10.  What makes Jim Casey a Christ-like figure?

·         Jim Casy exhibits Christ-like qualities through his self-sacrifice, his emphasis on collective unity over individualism, and his eventual martyrdom. Like Christ, he seeks to alleviate suffering and stands up for justice, culminating in his death while trying to protect others.

11.  What is Steinbeck's point in declaring in chapter 25: There is a crime here which goes beyond denunciation. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize. There is a failure here that topples all our success. The fertile earth, the straight tree rows, the sturdy trunks and the ripe fruit. And children dying of pellagra must die because a profit cannot be taken from an orange.

·          Steinbeck is pointing out the moral and ethical failure of a society that prioritizes profit over human life and dignity. The phrase emphasizes the tragedy of a world where the basic needs of the poor are disregarded for the sake of economic gain, leading to widespread suffering.

12.  In the end, Steinbeck focuses the reader on the importance of joining together to create strength when _______________ follows in the footsteps of Jim Casy.

·          At the end of the novel, Ma Joad’s leadership represents a shift in strength and purpose, as she follows in Jim Casy’s footsteps. She becomes a symbol of perseverance and unity, embodying the spirit of solidarity that Casy advocated for.

13.  How do the Joads get Grampa onto the truck when it's time to leave?

·         The Joads get Grampa onto the truck by drugging him with a mixture of medicine. He is so distressed by leaving the land that he is initially resistant, but they manage to get him on the truck with the help of the sedative.

14.  Why is Ma Joad determined to keep the family together as they travel west?

·          Ma Joad’s determination to keep the family together stems from her belief that the strength of the family unit is the key to survival. She understands that without this unity, they would be powerless against the harsh challenges of their journey and the injustices they face.

15.  Read the passage from The Grapes of Wrath: Al wiped his hands on his apron. He looked at a paper pinned to the wall over the griddle. Three lines of marks in columns on the paper. Al counted the longest line. He walked along the counter to the cash register, rang "No sale," and took out a handful of nickels. "What ya doin’?" Mae asked. "Number three’s ready to pay off, said Al. What happens next?

·          After Al explains his plan with the paper and the cash register, Mae reacts with curiosity but doesn’t seem to understand. Al is planning to take advantage of an opportunity, showing his pragmatic and somewhat cynical attitude toward life.

16.  In Chapter 14 of The Grapes of Wrath, what does the narrator say happens when people move from “I” to “we”?

·          In Chapter 14, the narrator explains that when individuals move from "I" to "we," they begin to see themselves as part of a larger collective, which brings strength and solidarity. This shift in consciousness helps individuals overcome personal suffering and take action for the greater good.

17.  What is Rosasharn's plan when they reach California?

·          Rosasharn hopes to find work and start a family, but her plans are hindered by the harsh realities they face upon arriving in California. Her personal dreams of happiness are shattered as she faces the struggles of survival.

18.  According to the man in the river, what does "Okie" mean?

·          According to the man in the river, "Okie" is a derogatory term used to describe migrant workers from Oklahoma, often associated with poverty and displacement. It symbolizes the dehumanization of people forced to leave their homes in search of work and survival.

19.  Who runs the Weedpatch camp?

·          The Weedpatch camp is run by the government and organized for the benefit of migrant workers. The camp represents a rare instance of fairness and organization amidst the chaos and exploitation faced by migrant families.

20.  Read the following passage from The Grapes of Wrath: A sharp call, "There they are!" Two flashlight beams fell on the men, caught them, blinded them. "Stand where you are." The voices came out of the darkness. "That's him. That shiny bastard. That's him." Casy stared blindly at the light. He breathed heavily. "Listen," he said. "You fellas don' know what you're doin'. You're helpin' to starve kids." "Shut up, you red son-of-a-bitch."
A short heavy man stepped into the light. He carried a new white pick handle. Casy went on, "You don' know what you're a-doin'." The heavy man swung with the pick handle. Casy dodged down into the swing. The heavy club crashed into the side of his head with a dull crunch of bone, and Casy fell sideways out of the light."
Jesus, George. I think you killed him." "Put the light on him," said George. "Serve the son-of-a-bitch right." The flashlight beam dropped, searched and found Casy's crushed head. What happens next?

·          After Jim Casy’s death, the Joad family is devastated, but they continue to push forward. Casy’s martyrdom fuels Tom Joad’s resolve to fight for justice, and his death becomes a symbol of the struggle for collective rights.

21.  Who said the following in The Grapes of Wrath: "Go down an' tell 'em. Go down in the street an' rot an' tell 'em that way. That's the way you can talk. Don' even know if you was a boy or a girl. Ain't gonna find out. Go on down now, an' lay in the street. Maybe they'll know then."

·          The quote is said by Tom Joad. He expresses his anger and frustration with the system that oppresses people and tries to silence their voices.

22.  At the end of the novel, Ma explains to Pa that some people live “in jerks,” while others live in “all one flow.” This is her way of describing an essential difference between which two groups?

·          Ma Joad’s explanation about people living “in jerks” versus “all one flow” refers to the difference between individuals who live selfishly and those who live in unity, working together for the common good. She believes that collective action and solidarity are the true source of strength.

Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Story overview

23.  Be familiar with the themes presented in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. What are they? Which events/intercalary chapters does the author use to develop them? Which characters help develop them?

• Honor and Revenge: Honor is a driving force for many characters, particularly the Vicario brothers. The desire to avenge their sister’s lost honor leads them to murder Santiago Nasar. The theme of honor is developed through various intercalary chapters, such as the one where Angela Vicario is returned to her parents' house after the wedding, indicating the centrality of honor in the town’s values. Characters like Angela, the Vicario brothers, and even Santiago’s mother contribute to this theme.

• Fate and Free Will: The idea of destiny and fate plays a significant role, especially since Santiago’s death seems inevitable, and the town’s collective indifference and foreknowledge contribute to the tragedy. The narrative structure and the townspeople's behavior, particularly in the intercalary chapters where they discuss the murder without acting, emphasize this theme.

• Social and Cultural Norms: The rigid social expectations and class divisions influence how people behave. The mayor, who dismisses the seriousness of the murder, represents the indifference of authority. Characters like Bayardo San Roman and the Vicario family show the importance of social status and reputation.

24.  What evidence is there that Bayardo San Roman was "capable of doing everything ... but also had access to endless resources"?

·         Bayardo is described as a man with wealth, charisma, and power. He is capable of doing everything, such as buying Angela Vicario a lavish wedding, which shows his access to vast resources. His appearance, described in the novel as one of someone who is wealthy and influential, reinforces his position in society, and his actions (such as returning to the town with the letters) suggest a man used to getting what he wants.

25.  Clotilde Armenta suffered another disappointment with the mayor's casual attitude, because she thought he should have detained the twins until the truth came out. Why did she want the Vicario brothers detained?

·         Clotilde Armenta was disappointed because the mayor did not act decisively when the Vicario brothers confessed their intention to kill Santiago Nasar. She believed the mayor should have detained the twins immediately to prevent the murder from happening, but the mayor dismissed the situation as a trivial matter, contributing to the town's general indifference to the impending crime.

26.  Who do the townsfolk think was the victim of the incident with Santiago and the Vicarios?

• The townsfolk are confused about the identity of the actual victim in the situation. Most people believe that Santiago Nasar is the victim of the incident with the Vicario brothers, but they do not act to prevent the murder or understand the situation’s gravity until it’s too late. The confusion and lack of communication are critical themes in the novel.

27.  Bayardo San Roman showed up on Angela Vicario’s doorstep 17 years later, carrying the almost 2,000 letters she had written him over the years. What surprising thing did she discover?

• When Bayardo returns to Angela Vicario's doorstep 17 years later, he brings with him the letters she had written to him over the years, indicating her emotional turmoil. Angela is surprised to learn that Bayardo never read the letters and had been waiting for her to return, signifying the complexities of their relationship and how time has distorted their perceptions of each other.

28.  What did the judge and Santiago Nasar's closest friends take as "overwhelming proof of his innocence"?

• The judge and Santiago Nasar’s closest friends take the fact that there is no evidence to suggest Santiago’s guilt as overwhelming proof of his innocence. They are convinced that because no solid proof has been found that Santiago was responsible for the crime, he must be innocent, although the irony is that this does not prevent the murder.

29.  What happened in Chronicle of a Death Foretold when the Bishop came to the town?

• When the bishop visits the town, the event is marked by a lack of enthusiasm and respect from the townspeople. His visit highlights the disconnect between the town’s religious authorities and its people, symbolizing how the town’s spiritual and moral values are in disarray, contributing to the indifference to Santiago's fate.

30.  Why is Angela Vicario returned to her parent's house on her wedding night?

• Angela is returned to her parents' house on her wedding night because Bayardo discovers that she is not a virgin, which is considered a dishonor in their culture. Her family's reaction to this dishonor reflects the social expectations and norms regarding honor and marriage in the community.

31.  Why did it matter that Placida Linero was known as an accurate interpreter of other people's dreams?

• Placida Linero’s reputation as an accurate interpreter of dreams matters because it gives her a sense of authority in the community, and her perceived wisdom in dream interpretation provides her with a role that is taken seriously. The fact that she is unable to prevent Santiago’s death despite her role in interpreting dreams emphasizes the theme of fate and the limitations of human agency.

32.  Read the following passage from Chronicle of a Death Foretold: [Bayardo San Roman] arrived on the weekly boat with some saddlebags decorated with silver that matched the buckle of his belt and the rings on his boots. He was around thirty years old, but [those years] were well-concealed, because he had the waist of a novice bullfighter, golden eyes, and a skin slowly roasted by saltpeter. He arrived wearing a short jacket and very tight trousers, both of natural calfskin, and kid gloves of the same color. What does the reader learn about Bayardo San Roman’s personality from this passage?

This passage reveals Bayardo San Roman as a man of wealth and confidence, with a polished and almost mythical appearance. His attire and physical description suggest a man who is self-assured, rich, and used to being admired. His entrance into the town with fine clothing and accessories reflects his superior social status and perhaps his ability to manipulate situations.

33.  Read the passage from Chronicle of a Death Foretold: Nevertheless, what had alarmed him most at the conclusion of his excessive diligence was not having found a single clue, not even the most improbable, that Santiago Nasar had been the cause of the wrong. The friends of Angela Vicario who had been her accomplices in deception went on saying for a long time that she had shared her secret with them before the wedding, but that she hadn't revealed any name. In the brief, they declared: "She told us about the miracle but not the saint." Angela Vicario, for her part, wouldn't budge. When the investigating magistrate asked her with his oblique style if she knew who the decedent Santiago Nasar was, she answered him impassively: "He was my perpetrator." The information in this passage leads to the reader to conclude that –

·         This passage highlights the confusion and ambiguity surrounding Santiago’s role in the events leading to his death. It suggests that the investigation cannot find concrete evidence, and Angela's testimony remains fixed and unyielding, reinforcing the theme of fate and the inescapable nature of the tragedy.

34.  Why do Angela Vicario's parents assume that she has compromised her honor where Bayardo San Roman is concerned?

·         Assumptions About Angela Vicario’s Honor: Angela’s parents assume she has compromised her honor because, in their view, the fact that she was returned to their house on her wedding night implies she has lost her virginity, and thus her honor. This is consistent with their cultural values, where virginity and honor are closely linked, and any deviation from this norm is seen as shameful.

35.  What reasons did Angela Vicario give for not wanting to marry Bayardo San Roman?

·         Angela Vicario does not want to marry Bayardo San Roman because she does not love him, and she feels he is too grand and overwhelming for her. She is also intimidated by his wealth and stature, and her feelings toward the marriage are not positive, leading her to feel trapped in a situation she does not want.

36.  Read the passage from Chronicle of a Death Foretold: Pedro Vicario, according to his own declaration, was the one who made the decision to kill Santiago Nasar, and at first his brother only followed along. But he was also the one who considered his duty fulfilled when the mayor disarmed them, and then it was Pablo Vicario who assumed command. Neither of the two mentioned that disagreement in their separate statements to the investigator, but Pablo Vicario confirmed several times to me that it hadn't been easy for him to convince his brother of their final resolve. … So he put the knife in [Pedro’s] hand and dragged him off almost by force in search of their sister's lost honour. "There's no way out of this," he told him. "It's as if it had already happened." What theme is supported by this passage?

·         Theme of Responsibility in the Vicario Brothers’ Actions: The passage illustrates the theme of duty and responsibility, as Pedro Vicario initially hesitates to kill Santiago but is ultimately convinced by his brother Pablo to carry out the act. This illustrates the conflict between personal desire and familial duty, and the theme of fate that is central to the novel.

37.  Placida Linero was able to forgive herself for locking Santiago out of the house because –

·         Placida Linero is able to forgive herself for locking Santiago out of the house because she rationalizes that she could not have foreseen the tragic outcome. She feels it was not her fault, and this sense of guilt and absolution plays into the broader theme of fate and the inability of characters to control their destinies.

38.  What was the weather like on the day Santiago Nassar was murdered?

·         The weather on the day of Santiago Nasar’s murder is hot and oppressive, symbolizing the tension and inevitability of the crime. The heat reflects the suffocating atmosphere of the town and the sense of doom that hangs over the events of the day.

39.  “Pura Vicario wrapped the face of [Angela Vicario] in a cloth …, and she dressed her in bright red” before they left town in the night. Why did Pura Vicario do these things?

·         Pura Vicario wraps Angela Vicario’s face in a cloth and dresses her in bright red to symbolically mark her as a dishonored woman and to hide the shame from the public. The red symbolizes both the loss of honor and the future of Angela’s life in the aftermath of her marriage and the scandal.

40.  Twelve days after the crime, the investigating magistrate came upon a town that was an open wound.  This sentence contains a –

·         metaphor of the town as an "open wound" symbolizes the emotional and social scars left by the murder of Santiago Nasar. It conveys the lingering trauma the event caused in the community, emphasizing how the crime tore at the fabric of the town's moral and social life.

Ray Bradbury’s Short Stories

Story overviews

41.  Which of Bradbury's short stories include a warning about technology?

·         "There Will Come Soft Rains": The story depicts a fully automated house that continues to function even after humanity has been destroyed by a nuclear war, showing the dangers of over-reliance on technology.

·         “Marionettes, Inc.": This story explores the concept of creating artificial robots (marionettes) to replace human relationships, warning about the potential dangers of over-relying on technology for personal connections.

42.  Which of Bradbury's short stories involve time traveling?

·         "A Sound of Thunder": The story involves time travel as characters go back in time to hunt dinosaurs, illustrating how even minor actions in the past can drastically alter the future.

·         "The City": While not a typical time travel story, the narrative plays with the concept of time by depicting a future where the city exists in a cyclical, almost eternal pattern.

43.  In which of Bradbury's short stories is the sun a symbol of life-giving warmth?

·         "The Long Rain": Although the story largely deals with a torrential, unrelenting rain on Venus, the protagonist’s yearning for sunlight shows that the sun, when it appears, represents warmth, life, and escape from the oppressive conditions of Venus.

44.  Which of Bradbury’s short stories takes place in a dystopian society?

·         "The Pedestrian": The story is set in a future dystopian society where people are obsessed with technology and entertainment, and the protagonist, Leonard Mead, is arrested for simply walking outside at night.

45.  Which of Bradbury’s short stories explores the danger of being over-reliant on technology?

·           "There Will Come Soft Rains": The story illustrates how technology has become so advanced that it continues to function even in the absence of the people it was designed to serve, highlighting the dangers of an over-reliance on automation and technology.

·           "I Sing the Body Electric": This story explores the dangers of relying on robots to fill human emotional gaps, as the family members substitute a mechanical grandmother for a real one, showing the consequences of trying to replace human connections with technology.

46.  Which of Bradbury’s short stories shows the danger of paternalism – a government deciding what is best for the population without any discussion?

·         "The City": The story deals with a controlling, paternalistic force (the city itself) that manipulates the humans within it without their consent. The city’s actions shape the fate of the inhabitants without any real discussion or freedom of choice.

47.  In "The Pedestrian", how many police officers were in the police car?

·         There is only one police officer in the police car, which is revealed when Leonard Mead is arrested for walking alone at night in a dystopian society where walking is seen as suspicious.

48.  In "Marionette's, Inc.", how is Braling Two revealed as a robot?

·         Braling Two is revealed to be a robot when he begins to behave mechanically and when he cannot explain certain behaviors in a human way, ultimately showing that the robot is a replacement for Braling in his personal life.

49.  At the beginning of "There Will Come Soft Rains", the stove prepares eight pieces of toast, eight eggs, sixteen slices of bacon, two coffees, and two glasses of milk. What can you conclude about the McClellan family, based on this information and other details?

·         Based on the automated tasks in the house, the McClellan family is likely very wealthy and technologically advanced. They live in a future where technology takes care of all their needs, showing a deep reliance on machines, but also the detachment and eventual absence of the family due to an unknown disaster (likely nuclear war).

50.  Read the passage from "The City": "I am no longer your captain," he said. "Nor am I a man." Who is speaking? What is going to happen?

·         The character speaking is the captain. What is going to happen is that the captain, who is a human figure of authority, is giving up control as the city takes over, revealing that the city itself is the true force at work. The captain is no longer human but part of a larger, more powerful, possibly eternal force, highlighting the cyclical and oppressive nature of the city.

51.  Read the passage from "I Sing the Body Electric": Blind, Agatha made the curb, wheeling about, seeing us close, all of us yelling. Grandma way ahead, shouting, too, and Agatha off the curb and out in the street, halfway to the middle, then in the middle and suddenly a car, which no one saw, erupting its brakes, its horn shrieking and Agatha flailing about to see and Grandma… What happens next and how does this impact the story?

·         After Agatha is hit by the car, she is injured, which prompts the family to reflect on the importance of human life and the value of relationships. This moment highlights the fragility of life and the difficulty of replacing human experiences with robotic substitutes. It significantly impacts the story by emphasizing the necessity of true human connections rather than technological replacements.

52.  In “A Sound of Thunder", Ray Bradbury imagines a world in which humanity can take touristic journeys back in time. During the journey, Eckels, a man on a prehistoric hunting trip, discovers even the slightest alteration to the past can forever alter the course of history after he –

·         During the hunting trip back in time, Eckels panics and steps off the designated path, crushing a butterfly. This seemingly minor action drastically changes the future, illustrating the concept of the "butterfly effect," where small changes in the past can lead to monumental differences in the present.

53.  In "The Flying Machine", what becomes of the flying man and his machine?

·         The emperor orders the destruction of the flying machine and the execution of the inventor. The flying man and his machine are seen as threats to the power and stability of the emperor's rule, illustrating a society that suppresses innovation when it challenges authority.

54.  In “The Long Rain”, what is the monster?

·         the "monster" is not a physical creature, but the constant, oppressive rain on Venus. The rain becomes a symbol of an unyielding force that the human characters struggle to survive, representing the relentless pressure of an unforgiving environment.

General Knowledge

55.  This author is known for his focus on the plight of the common man and critique of injustice:

·         John Steinbeck

56.  This author is known for his use of magical realism, in which unusual and fanciful happenings are just part of the fabric of life:

·         Ray Bradbury

57.  Although events were fictionalized, both of these writers knew or lived with the people they were writing about.

·         John Steinbeck: He lived among the migrant workers and poor farmers he wrote about in The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, and other works. His deep understanding of their struggles came from spending time with them during the Great Depression, especially when he traveled with migrant laborers and visited labor camps.

·         Ray Bradbury: Although many of Bradbury's works are set in speculative or futuristic settings, such as in Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, and Something Wicked This Way Comes, Bradbury's stories often reflect his experiences growing up in small-town America. His vivid descriptions of human emotions, societal concerns, and small-town life were shaped by his own observations and interactions with people in his life, particularly in his early years in Waukegan, Illinois.

58.  You should know how to correctly make a parenthetical citation according to MLA standards.

·         Author’s Last Name (no first name) and the page number where the information appears are included in parentheses.

·          No punctuation (such as commas) between the author’s name and the page number.

·         The citation should come after the quoted or paraphrased material, but before the period.

·         Example: Quotation or Paraphrase: “Technology can be both a help and a hindrance” (Smith 45).      The author is Smith, and the information comes from page 45.

59.  You should know the BEST ways to introduce a quote.

60.  You should know how to write a strong thesis statement and be able to choose a strong one over weak ones.

61.  You should know literary elements: simile, metaphor, hyperbole

Simile

·         Definition: A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two different things using the words "like" or "as." It highlights similarities between two distinct objects or ideas.

·         Example: "Her smile was as bright as the sun."  In this case, the smile is compared to the brightness of the sun, emphasizing its warmth and brilliance.

Metaphor

·         Definition: A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things by stating that one thing is the other. Unlike a simile, a metaphor does not use "like" or "as."

·         Example: "Time is a thief."  This metaphor suggests that time steals moments from our lives, without literally meaning that time is a thief.

 Hyperbole

·         Definition: A hyperbole is an exaggerated statement or claim that is not meant to be taken literally. It’s used to create emphasis or make something seem more dramatic.

·         Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."  This hyperbole exaggerates hunger to emphasize how much the person is craving food.

In summary:

·         A simile compares using "like" or "as" (e.g., "as brave as a lion").

·         A metaphor compares directly (e.g., "the world is a stage").

·         A hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration (e.g., "I've told you a million times").