Bio test 3
Define diffusion: the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration(high to low) no energy
Define Dynamic equilibrium: when diffusion occurs over a long enough time, concentrations will become uniform
Define Facilitated Diffusion: uses transport proteins to move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane
Define Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane( opposite of diffusion) with no energy
What is the trend of movement for osmosis?
low solute concentration to high solute concentration
What is a Hypotonic Solution?
lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell
What will happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
animal cells can burst when placed in extremely hypotonic solutions
What is a Hypertonic Solution?
higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell
What will happen in a hypertonic solution?
cause wilting in plants
What is an isotonic solution?
the same concentration of water and solutes as the cytoplasm of the cell
Know hypothetical situations with different solutions.
What will happen in an isotonic solution?
there will be no net movement of water
What is passive transport?
does not require energy
What is active transport?
The movement of particles across the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient, requires energy
How does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump work
to maintain levels of sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) inside/outside the cell
How does coupled transport work? What molecules are involved?
sugar can pair with Na+ ions and enter the cell through facilitated diffusion-saving energy- sugar and sodium
What is endocytosis? Exocytosis?
endocytosis- the process by which a cell surrounds an object in the outside environment in a portion of the plasma membrane
exocytosis- the excretion of materials at the plasma membrane
What is a catabolic reaction?
releases energy by breaking down larger molecules
What is an anabolic reaction?
use energy to build larger molecules
What type of reaction is Photosynthesis?
anabolic pathway
What type of reaction is Cellular Respiration?
catabolic pathway
How are Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis related to one another?
Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP
What is the ATP molecule used for?
provides chemical energy
What is the arrangement of the ATP molecule?
nucleotide made of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate group
How do you release energy from the ATP molecule?
when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is Chloroplast?
organelles that capture light energy
What is a Thylakoid?
flattened saclike membranes
What is Grana?
stacks of thylakoids
What is the Stroma?
the fluid-filled space outside the grana
What is the most common pigment found in plants?
chlorophyll
What colors does it absorb? Reflect?
absorbs red and blue light and reflects green
How could leaves change color in Autumn?
chlorophyll dies so other pigments are more abundant and other colors of light are reflected
Explain how light energy begins the phase of photosynthesis.
chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which excites some electrons in the pigment molecules to higher energy levels
What are the products of the first phase of photosynthesis?
ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
How does the plant make NAPDH?
ferredoxin transfers the electron to the carrier molecule NADP
How does the plant make ATP in phase one?
hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase when they diffuse through it , it allows it to join ADP
Define diffusion: the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration(high to low) no energy
Define Dynamic equilibrium: when diffusion occurs over a long enough time, concentrations will become uniform
Define Facilitated Diffusion: uses transport proteins to move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane
Define Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane( opposite of diffusion) with no energy
What is the trend of movement for osmosis?
low solute concentration to high solute concentration
What is a Hypotonic Solution?
lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell
What will happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
animal cells can burst when placed in extremely hypotonic solutions
What is a Hypertonic Solution?
higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell
What will happen in a hypertonic solution?
cause wilting in plants
What is an isotonic solution?
the same concentration of water and solutes as the cytoplasm of the cell
Know hypothetical situations with different solutions.
What will happen in an isotonic solution?
there will be no net movement of water
What is passive transport?
does not require energy
What is active transport?
The movement of particles across the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient, requires energy
How does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump work
to maintain levels of sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) inside/outside the cell
How does coupled transport work? What molecules are involved?
sugar can pair with Na+ ions and enter the cell through facilitated diffusion-saving energy- sugar and sodium
What is endocytosis? Exocytosis?
endocytosis- the process by which a cell surrounds an object in the outside environment in a portion of the plasma membrane
exocytosis- the excretion of materials at the plasma membrane
What is a catabolic reaction?
releases energy by breaking down larger molecules
What is an anabolic reaction?
use energy to build larger molecules
What type of reaction is Photosynthesis?
anabolic pathway
What type of reaction is Cellular Respiration?
catabolic pathway
How are Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis related to one another?
Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP
What is the ATP molecule used for?
provides chemical energy
What is the arrangement of the ATP molecule?
nucleotide made of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate group
How do you release energy from the ATP molecule?
when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is Chloroplast?
organelles that capture light energy
What is a Thylakoid?
flattened saclike membranes
What is Grana?
stacks of thylakoids
What is the Stroma?
the fluid-filled space outside the grana
What is the most common pigment found in plants?
chlorophyll
What colors does it absorb? Reflect?
absorbs red and blue light and reflects green
How could leaves change color in Autumn?
chlorophyll dies so other pigments are more abundant and other colors of light are reflected
Explain how light energy begins the phase of photosynthesis.
chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which excites some electrons in the pigment molecules to higher energy levels
What are the products of the first phase of photosynthesis?
ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
How does the plant make NAPDH?
ferredoxin transfers the electron to the carrier molecule NADP
How does the plant make ATP in phase one?
hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase when they diffuse through it , it allows it to join ADP
