Period 2 IDs

1. Sir Walter Raleigh

• Founder of the “Lost Colony” of Roanoke located in North Carolina (Southern)  in 1587
• Looking to establish an English colony in the New World

1. Lost Colony of Roanoke

• The colony found abandoned three years after its founding
• Only trace left was “Croatoan” carved into a nearby tree

1. joint stock companies 

• A way to finance the colonization in the americas where investors share the risk of the expenses
• Examples; Virginia company of London

1. Jamestown

• Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London but led by John Smith who used military style leadership to get rich men to work for food
• Orignally established for profit, but the sluggish area made it difficult and helped the era of starvation soon to come
• Had an elective representative government (House of Burgesses in 1619)
• John Rolfe responsible for tobacco farming

1. importance of tobacco

• Virginias first cash crop that saved Jamestown from ruin, then later spread to Maryland
• A labor-intensive crop that needed laborers causing the creation of the headright policy and later southern slavery

1. Pilgrims

• A form of puritain separatists who wanted to break away from the church of England and emigrated from England to the Americas
• Example; Plymouth (Massachusetts)

1. Mayflower Compact

• An outline for governing the settlement of Plymouth that provided guidelines for a legislative body (Direct Democracy)
• Would be governed by the will of its male residents and not the will of the english monarchy

1. Puritans

• A English protestant non-separatists christains who wished to adapt reforms to purify the Church of England of any Catholicism
• Example; Massachusetts Bay

1. John Winthrop

• Founder of the Massachusetts Bay colony who withed to create a religious utopia and be a example for puritans in England
• “Forming a City upon a Hill”

1. “City upon a Hill”

• A saying by John Winthrop that worded that the puritans in the Americas would be an example or beacon of hope

1. praying towns

• Established by puritans used to convert natives to puritanism and become civilized and give up their indigenious culture

1. William Bradford

• Led the pilgrams to Massachusetts colony of Plymouth

1. Harvard University

• Free public education in Massachusetts Bay in order to teach ministers

1. Covenant Chain

• an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes

1. James Oglethorpe

• Founded the colony of Georgia

1. Roger Williams

• Founder of Rhode Island from Massachusetts Bay who believed the church and state should be seperate because the government would taint it

1. Anne Hutchinson

• Woman who challenged the male religious puritain leaders and was soon kicked out of Massachusetts Bay and goes to Rhode Island but dies in New York.
• Antinomianism; The idea that you can gain slavation through personal study and not religious leaders
• Antinomians; People who push back against the norms of their society

1. town meeting

• Original version of direct democracy where the men vote on everything (As long as their in good standing with the church)
• Example; Mayflower compact on the way to plymouth

1. Pequot War (1636-38)

• As population increased into Massachusetts Bay, they spread out into the Pequot tribe’s land
• Natives attack first from getting tired of the british being so controlling, at the end of the fighting the british set the last village on fire
• British colonist have permanent control and lead to the official settlement of connecticut

1. Metacom’s War/King Phillip’s War (1675-76)

• Population increases and Brits claim more land until they get onto the Wampanog lang
• Wamanoags team up with the Algonuis to fight them, but the British team up with the Mohoak to fight back, however the british win and defeat their allies.
• Captures Metacom and puts his  skull on a stake

1. Salem witch trials

• Took place in Salem, Massachusetts where 130 people were tried and 20 executed
• Many women accused of witchcraft that were jailed and then executed by handing

1. headright system

• If one pays for an immigrant to come into the New World, she gets and extra 50 acres of land, used to encourage settlement in Virginia

1. indentured servants

• Fixed amount of time (407 years) of which a person works for someone else however they are provided basic necessities and often own land after term.

1. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

• Former indentured servents have completed their contracts and looking to buy land, farmers get upset at the governor (William Burkley) for not protecting the farmers from Natives
• Nathniel Bacon gets upset and raises a mob of angry farmers and attack native settlements then march east to harm Burkley
• Slavery becomes popular

1. Great Awakening (1730-1740)

• Enlightenment ideals slowly begin to follow people into northern america
• Revivals and Evangelism with a decrease in quarkerism and puritainism and an increase in other denominations like baptist and methodists

1. Navigation Acts

• Required all european goods sent to the colonies had to go through England to make sure all proper taxes were paying proper taxes
• Colonists, specifically Massachusetts push back against Charles I and James II attempt to control them, and say their except from the Navigation acts

1. mercantilism

• The idea that a country’s worth is measured by how much gold is has

1. salutary neglect

• British laws are NOT being enforced and the colonies are doing whatever they want

1. Lord Baltimore

• Founder of Maryland who believed catholics were being persecuted in Britian and wanted a safe haven for catholics although tolerated all religion (Act of Toleration)

1. Quakers

• People who rejected elaborate religious ceremonies, didn't have official clergy and believed in spiritual equality for men and women.

1. Dominion of New England

• The Punishment for defying the navigations act that clumps together all the New England colonies (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire) into one mega colony created by James II

1. Sir Edmund Andros

• Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.

1. Leisler’s Rebellion

• An uprising in colonial New York, in which Jacob Leisler seized control of the colony's south and ruled it from 1689 to 1691 to get back at James II directly

1. Zenger trial

• Newspaper printer John Zenger exposed the corrupt royal governor was charged with libel (publishing something that isn't true) but was decalred innocent leading to freedom of press

1. Enlightenment ideals
2. revival

• A meeting where the bible was preached and indivisuls were implored to connect with God in an emotional way; this religious revival became known as the First Great Awakening

1. Ben Franklin

• Embraced a rational religious belief known as Deism.
• Founded the American Philosophical SOciety in 1743 and conducted experiments involving electricity and focal lenses

1. Jonathan Edwards

• An English born minister in Massachusetts who organized numerous christain prayer meetings across connecticut vally and beyond
• Became known for his famous writings such as “A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God” and “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

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39. Halfway Covenant

• Allowed puritan churches to baptize children whos parens had been paptized even though full membership could not be bestowed until an indivivudal of age confessed an individual relationship with Jesus

39. Protestant evangelism

• Christianity based on emotionalism ans spirituality led by important preachers like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards

39. old lights

• Traditional ministers with established congregations in New England

39. new lights

• Christians who favored the more individualistic approach to their faith and were encouraged by the revivals became known as New Lights
• Objected colonial taxes that supported the Old Lights

39. George Whitefield

• Another English born minister who delivered original semons from memory, invoking audience participation and taking on the voice of different characters seeking union with the divine

39. deism

• The idea that God is a supreme being who had created the world to function independently

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New Hampshire

• Founder: N/A
• Purpose: Money and Economic opportunity
• Religion: Puritan

Massachusetts Bay

• Founder: John Winthop
• Purpose: Religious Freedom
• Religion: Non-Seperatist puritans

Massachusetts (Plymouth)

• Founder: William Bradford and Pilgrams
• Purpose: Religious Freedom
• Religion: Seperatist Puritans

Rhode Island

• Founder: Roger Williams
• Purpose: Puritan looking for religious freedom
• Religion: None

Connecticut

• Founder: N/A
• Purpose: Religious and economic freedom
• Religion: N/A

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New York

• Founder: N/A (James Duke of York)
• Purpose: Trading centers and colonial unification
• Religion: None

New Jersey

• Founder: N/A
• Purpose: Trade and Profit
• Religion: None

Pennsylvania

• Founder: William Penn
• Purpose: Safe haven for quakers/Trade and profit
• Religion: none but lots of quakers

Delaware

• Founder: N/A
• Purpose: Trade and Profit
• Religion: None

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Maryland (Chesapeake)

• Founder: Lorde Baltimore
• Purpose: Catholic safe haven
• Religion: None

Virginia (Chesapeake)

• Founder: John Smith and Virginia Company of London
• Purpose: Trade and Profit
• Religion: Angelican

North Carolina

• Founder: Walter Raleigh
• Purpose: Establishing english colony in new world
• Religion: Angelican

South Carolina

• Founder: N/A
• Purpose: N/A
• Religion: Angelican

Georgia

• Founder: James Ogalforg
• Purpose: Relieve overcrowding in english jails/Buffer between florida and south carolina
• Religion: Angelican

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