Angiosperms

  • Angiosperms arose in the late Jurassic period and became dominant on the landscape; they are flowering
  • Traits of Angiosperms:
    • Ovule is enclosed in the female sporophyte tissue
    • Produces flowers and fruit
    • Pollinated by wind or animals
    • Wood with vessel elements (produces hard wood)
  • Traits of Gymnosperms:
    • Ovule enclosed in the female gametophyte
    • Seeds are found in cones
    • No flowers or fruit
    • Wind pollinated
    • Wood lacks vessel elements ( produces soft wood)
  • Magnoliopsida:
    • Dicots (2 cotyledons)
    • Netted veins in leaves
    • Flower pattern of 4s and 5s
    • Herbaceous of wood
    • Most common type of plant
  • Liliopsida:
    • Monocots (1 cotyledon)
    • Parallel veins in leaves
    • Flower pattern of 3s
    • Herbaceous
    • Ex. grasses, orchids, lilies
  • Flowers are modified stems and leaves consisting of:
    • Sepals
    • Petals
    • Stamens
    • Carpels
  • Flowers
    • Incomplete: Missing one or more parts of the flower are missing
    • Complete: Not missing any parts
    • Perfect: Male and female structures on one flower
    • Imperfect: Separate male and female flowers
    • Simple: Single carpel
    • Compound: Multiple carpels
  • The different arrangements of flowers on a plant is called inflorescence
  • Seeds consist of three parts:
    • Seed coat
    • Embryo
    • Endosperm (nutritive tissue)
  • Monocot seeds:
    • One cotyledon
    • Retain their endosperm
    • Ex. Corn
  • Dicot seeds:
    • Two cotyledons
    • No endosperm
    • Ex. Bean
  • Fleshy fruits: Composed of the mesocarp and sometimes the endocarp and receptacle, that protect the seeds inside
  • The fruit structure is dependent on the type of flowers that they develop from:
    • Monocarpous: Flowers produce multiple or simple fruits
    • Apocarpous: Flowers produce aggregate fruits
    • Syncarpous: Flowers produce compound fruits
    • Accessory fruits: When structures other than the ovary contribute to the fruit.
  • Types of fleshy fruit:
    • Simple: Single carpel; peach, cherry
    • Multiple: Single carpel, multiple flowers; pineapple
    • Aggregate: Many carpels; raspberry, blackberry
    • Aggregate accessory: Many carpels, receptacle is the fruit; strawberry
    • Compound: Two or more fused carpels; tomato, grape
    • Compound accessory: Two or more fused carpels, receptacle and ovary are the fleshy part; apple
  • Dry fruit is divided into two categories
    • Indehiscent: Carpal is tightly adhered to the seed, forms a hard coating, and does not open at maturity
    • Dehiscent: Softer carpal wall, opens at maturity to shed seeds
  • Types of indehiscent fruits:
    • Achene: One seed in a hard covering, was attached to the fruit wall at some point; sunflower, dandelion, strawberry
    • Nut: One seed with a very hard covering; chestnut, walnut, acorn
    • Samara: one or two sided fruit that has a wing; maple, elm, ash
    • Caryopsis: One seed fruit where the fruit wall and seed coat become fused; corn, wheat, grass
  • Types of dehiscent fruits:
    • Legume: Develops from one carpel, splits on both sides; pea, bean
    • Follicle: Develops from one carpel, splits on one side; larkspur
    • Capsule: Develops from more than one carpel, opens in various ways