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Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 20217Learning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain:KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should PunishmentFit the Offender orthe Offense?Difficulty Level: Easy22. The desire to exact revenge canbe traced to ______.a.naturalinclinationb.socialnormsc.legalcodesd.familialbeliefsAns: ALearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of correctionsand its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Foundation of Correctional PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy23. Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers’ arguments,and instead relied on:a.studiesthatdeclared that punishment should fit the offender rather than the crimeb.aview of individuals as hedonisticc.similarpunishments for similar crimesd.swiftjustice regardless of the circumstances of a crimeAns: ALearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain:ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender ortheOffense?Difficulty Level:Medium24. The primary responsibility of the government of any country is to______its citizensfrom those who would harm them.a.gatherb.preservec.protectd.serveAns: CLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function ofcorrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain:Comprehension

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 20218Answer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?Difficulty Level: Easy25. What may be defined as the state authorized imposition of some form ofdeprivation-liberty, resources, or even lifeupon a person justly convicted of a violationof the criminal law?a.Sentenceb.Punishmentc.Retaliationd.RevengeAns: BLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.CognitiveDomain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Foundation of Correctional PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy26. In the cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972), ______of the offendersin the cohortcommitted 71% of all the homicides.a.6.3%b.10.4%c.18.0%d.34.2%Ans: CLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: Selective IncapacitationDifficulty Level: Easy27. Which doctrine maintains that all life goals aredesirable only as means to the end ofachieving pleasure or avoiding pain?a.Rationalismb.Revengec.Utilityd.HedonismAns: DLearning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy28. The method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipatedbenefits of a given course of action against its possible costs is known as the:

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 20219a.Utilitarian principleb.Hedonistic calculusc.Punishment doctrined.Code of HammurabiAns: BLearning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy29. ______ emphasizes community protections from criminals, and stresses that civilliberty can only have real meaning ina safe, well-ordered society.a.Crime Control Modelb.Due Process Modelc.Retribution Modeld.Restorative ModelAns: ALearning Objective:1-5: Explain the distinction between the crime control and dueprocess models.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Crime Control ModelDifficultyLevel: Easy30. Who proposed two “ideal type” models reflecting different value choicesundergirding the operation ofthe criminal justice system?a.Benthamb.Beccariac.Packerd.GarofaloAns: CLearning Objective:1-5: Explain the distinction between the crime control and dueprocess models.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Due Process and Crime Control ModelsDifficulty Level: Easy31.The correctional enterprise is primarily abouta. punishmentb. communityc. rehabilitationd.protectionAns: A

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 202110Learning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?Difficulty Level: Easy32.The correctional enterpriseexists to _____ the attitudes and behavior of its“clientele.”a. “correct”b. “amend”c. “put right”d. all of theseAns: DLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: Introduction: What Is Corrections?Difficulty Level: Easy33.Theperiod in history in which a major shift in the way people viewed the world andtheir place in it occurred, moving from a supernaturalistic to a naturalistic and rationalworldview is known asa. the Enlightenmentb. the Revolutionc. the Dark Agesd. AntiquityAns: ALearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain:KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Foundation of Correctional PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy34.Garafalo’s endemic criminals are those who commit what we today might calla. property crimes.b. victimless crimes.c. violent crimes.d. white-collar crimesAns: BLearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 202111Answer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit theOffender orthe Offense?Difficulty Level: Easy35.Which of the following is drive by the natural passion for punitive revenge?a. retributionb. restitutionc. rehabilitationd. reintegrationAns: ALearning Objective:1-3: Explain the function andjustification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: ApplicationAnswer Location: The Function of PunishmentDifficulty Level: Medium36.______ is the state of having good sense and sound judgement.a. Hedonismb. Determinismc. Rationalityd. IrrationalityAns: CLearning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for PunishmentDifficulty Level: Medium37.The capacity of humans to make choices and their responsibility to make moralones regardless of internal or external constraints on their ability to do so is referred toas?a. rationalityb. hedonismc. human agencyd. hedonistic calculusAns: CLearning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy38.Which of the following punishmentsdoes not require anyfavorable consequence tojustify it except to maintain that justice has been served?a. Rehabilitationb. Reintegrationc. Incapacitation

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 202112d. RetributionAns: DLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.CognitiveDomain: ApplicationAnswer Location: RetributionDifficulty Level: Medium39._____ obviously “works” while criminals are incarceration.a. Incapacitationb. Rehabilitationc. Deterrenced. ReintegrationAns: ALearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ApplicationAnswer Location: IncapacitationDifficulty Level: Medium40.The present emphasis on rehabilitation is drive both by _____ andby decades ofresearch aimed at discovering “whatworks” in correctional assessment and treatment.a. politicsb. biologyc. economicsd. cultureAns: CLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ApplicationAnswer Location: RehabilitationDifficulty Level: MediumTrue/False1. The correctional enterprise is primarily about punishment.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location:Introduction: What Is Corrections?Difficulty Level: Easy

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 2021132. Penology is the study of the penal code.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location:Introduction: What Is Corrections?Difficulty Level: Easy3.The 18th century marked the beginning of an era of brutal punishment.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain:KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Foundation of Correctional PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy4. The Positivist school was created by Beccaria.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender orthe Offense?Difficulty Level: Easy5.Enrico Ferri was one of the early positivists.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender orthe Offense?DifficultyLevel: Easy6. The Enlightenment ideas eventually led to the Positivist school of thought.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain:ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender orthe Offense?

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 202114Difficulty Level: Easy7. Positivist approaches to punishment invoked the notion of science to determine thecauses of crime and craft the appropriate punishments.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Emergence of Positivism: Should Punishment Fit the Offender orthe Offense?Difficulty Level: Easy8. Severity of punishment is the most effective element in deterrence.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: DeterrenceDifficulty Level: Easy9. The principle of utility was used to evaluate the success of prisons.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances onpunishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Emergence of the Classical SchoolDifficulty Level: Easy10. The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the lifeexperience of individual to be punished.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: DeterrenceDifficulty Level: Easy11. Both specific and general deterrence rely on individuals engaging in hedonisticcalculus.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 20211512. Early state-controlledpunishment was typically as severe as uncontrolledvengeance.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Foundation of CorrectionalPunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy13. Beccaria createdthe hedonistic calculus.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy14. “Controlled vengeance” is about the state taking responsibility for punishingwrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and itsphilosophicalunderpinnings.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: The Foundation of Correctional PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy15. Nobel Prize winning economist Gary Becker dismisses the idea that criminals lackthe knowledge and the foresightto take punitive probabilities into consideration whendeciding whether or not to continue committing crimes.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location:DeterrenceDifficulty Level: Easy16. There are two types of deterrence.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: DeterrenceDifficulty Level: Easy

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 20211617. The Crime ControlModel is similar to an obstacle course in which impediments tocarrying the accused’s case further are encountered at every stage of processing.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-5: Explain the distinction between the crime control and dueprocess models.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Crime Control ModelDifficulty Level: Easy18. Incapacitation refers to a punishment strategy that largely reserves prison for aselect group of offenders composed primarily of violence repeat offenders.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: IncapacitationDifficulty Level: Easy19. Rehabilitation refers to the "just deserts" model that demands that punishmentmatches as closely as possible the degree of harm criminals have inflicted on theirvictims.Ans: FLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: KnowledgeAnswer Location: RehabilitationDifficultyLevel: Easy20. Underlying all systems of criminal law is the philosophical belief that individuals aredeterred by the threat of punishment.Ans: TLearning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain:KnowledgeAnswer Location: DeterrenceDifficulty Level: EasyShort Answer1. What is“corrections?”Ans:A Generic term covering a variety of functions carried out by government agencieshaving to do with the punishment, treatment, supervision, and management ofindividuals who have been convicted or accused of criminal offenses.Learning Objective:1-1: Describe the function of corrections and its philosophicalunderpinnings.

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 202117Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Introduction: What IsCorrections?Difficulty Level: Easy2. What is the principle of utility?Ans:A philosophy which posits that human actions should be judged moral or immoralby their effect on happiness of the community.Learning Objective:1-2: Differentiate between theclassical and positivist schools interms of their respective stances on punishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Emergence of the Classical SchoolDifficulty Level: Easy3. What isrehabilitation?Ans:A philosophy of punishment aimed at “curing” criminals of their antisocial behavior.Learning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location:RehabilitationDifficulty Level: Easy4. How does specific deterrence differ from general deterrence?Ans:Specific deterrence refers to the effect of punishment on the future behavior ofpersons who experience it. General deterrence refers to the preventive effect of thethreat of punishment on the general population.Learning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: AnalysisAnswer Location: DeterrenceDifficulty Level: Medium5. What is hedonism?Ans:Hedonism is a doctrine that maintains that all life goals are desirable only asmeans to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain. It goes without saying thatpleasure is intrinsically desirable and pain is intrinsically undesirable, and that we allseek to maximize the former and minimize the latter.Learning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: The Philosophical Assumptions Behind Justifications for PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy6. What is the function of punishment?Ans:Punishment functions as a form of social control.Learning Objective:1-3: Explain the function and justification of punishment.Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Instructor ResourceStohr& Walsh,Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice,2eSAGE Publishing 202118Answer Location: The Function of PunishmentDifficulty Level: Easy7. What is recidivism?Ans:Recidivism occurs when an ex-offender commits further crimes.Learning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: DeterrenceDifficulty Level: Easy8. Explain the contrast effect.Ans:The contrast effect is the contrast or comparison between the possible punishmentfor a given crime and the usual life experience of the person who may be punished.Learning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: DeterrenceDifficulty Level: Easy9. What isreintegration?Ans:A philosophy of punishment that aims to use the time criminals are undercorrectional supervision to prepare them to reenter the free community as well equippedto do so as possible.Learning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: ReintegrationDifficulty Level: Easy10. What is selective incapacitation?Ans:Selective incapacitation refers to a punishment strategy that largely reservesprison for aselectgroup of offenders composed primarily of violent repeat offenders.Learning Objective:1-4: Define and describe the major punishment justifications.Cognitive Domain: ComprehensionAnswer Location: Selective IncapacitationDifficulty Level: Eas