Creating Sales Forecasts
Perhaps the most important business quote….
"You lose profits one penny at a time"
Importance of Forecasting Sales
Forecasts of future sales are typically based on an operation’s sales history
A Sales Forecast predicts the number of guests that will be served and the revenues that will be generated in a given future time period.
Forecasting future sales addresses the
important operational questions like:
"How many guests will I serve?"
“What will they order?”
Advantages of Accurate Sales Forecasts
Accurate revenue estimates
Improved ability to predict expenses
Greater efficiency in scheduling needed workers
Greater efficiency in scheduling menu item production schedules
Better accuracy in purchasing the correct amount of food for immediate use
Improved ability to maintain proper levels of food inventories
Improved budgeting ability
Lower selling prices for guests because of increased operational efficiencies
Increased dollars available for current facility maintenance and future growth
Increased profit levels and shareholder value
Sales Histories
A sales history is the systematic recording of all sales achieved during a pre-determined reporting (accounting) period.
Sales histories can be created to record revenue, guests served, or both
Sales to date is the cumulative total of sales reported in the unit
An average or mean is defined as the value arrived at by adding the quantities in a series and dividing the sum of the quantities by the number of items in the series.
A fixed average is an average for a specific (fixed) time period.
A rolling average is the average amount of sales or volume over a changing time period.
Some operations record both revenue and guest counts to then compute the “average sales per guest,” or “check average.”
Total Sales/Number of Guests Served=Average Sales per Guest
A weighted average weighs the number of guests served in different time periods with how much they spend in those same time periods.
The weighted average sales per guest for 2 days is as:
(Day 1 Sales + Day 2 Sales)/(Day 1 Guests + Day 2 Guests)
Maintaining Sales Histories
Sales histories may consist of:
Revenue
Number of guests served
Average sales per guest
Specific menu items served
Guests served in a specific meal- or time-period
Method of meal delivery
Sales Variances
Sales variances are changes from previously experienced sales levels
Absolute Variance
Unit difference between periods
Actual (number) difference (E.g., $, covers, etc.)
Sales this period- Sales last period= Variance
Percentage variance indicates the percentage change in sales from one time period to the next.
(Sales this period- Sales last period)/Sales last period = Percentage Variance
Predicting Future Sales
A revenue forecast is calculated using the following formula:
Sales last year x (1 + % increase estimate) = Revenue Forecast
The guest count forecast is determined as follows:
Guest Count Last Year x (1.00 +% Increase Estimate)
When calculating a YTD or multiple period average,
DO NOT take an average of individual averages!!
When used alone, sales histories are not sufficient to accurately predict future sales.
Managers must also consider potential price changes
New competitors,
Facility renovations,
Improved selling programs,
Upcoming events, etc.
Important Formulas
Total Sales/Number of Guests Served = Average Sales Per Guest
Sales This Year - Sales Last Year = Variance
(Sales This Year - Sales Last Year)/Sales Last Year = Percent Variance
Variance/Sales Last Year = Percent Variance
(Sales This Year/Sales Last Year) - 1 = Percent Variance
Sales Last Year + (Sales Last Year x % Increase Estimate) = Revenue Forecast
Sales Last Year x (1 + % Increase Estimate) = Revenue Forecast
Guest Count Last Year + (Guest Count Last Year x % Increase Estimate) = Guest Count Forecast
Guest Count Last Year x (1 + % Increase Estimate) = Guest Count Forecast
Last Year's Average Sales Per Guest + Estimated Increase in Average Sales Per Guest = Average Sales Per Guest Forecast
Revenue Forecast/Guest Count Forecast = Average Sales Per Guest Forecast
Sales Last Year x (1 + % Increase Estimate) = Revenue Forecast
Guest Count Last Year + (Guest Count Last Year x % Increase Estimate) = Guest Count Forecast
Guest Count Last Year x (1 + % Increase Estimate) = Guest Count Forecast
Last Year's Average Sales Per Guest + Estimated Increase in Average Sales Per Guest = Average Sales Per Guest Forecast
Revenue Forecast/Guest Count Forecast = Average Sales Per Guest Forecast
Inflation decreases the purchasing power of the dollar
