AP World Guide: Unit 7-Global Conflict

Overview:

• Time of social & political change → tension & division

• Technology emerged → shift in understanding the world, deadlier military tactics

• Shifting powers → conflicts between governments/countries

Important Events:

• 1914- A political assassination in Bosnia ignites WWI

• 1915- As many as 1.5 million Americans die under Turkish control

• 1917- Russian revolutionaries establish a communist government

• 1919- Treaty of Paris ends WWI

• 1929- US stock market crashes, helps trigger a global economic crisis

• 1934- Mao Zedong & Chinese communists begin 6,000 mile Long March

• 1939- Nazi Germany invades Poland, starting WWII

• 1994- Between 500,000 & 1 million people are murdered in genocide in Rwanda

7.1 Shifting Powers

• How did internal & external factors contribute to changes in various states after 1900?

Overview:

• Russian, Chinese & Mexican revolutions

  • Unseated ruling governments in each country

  • Challenged existing political & social orders with new philosophies & practices

• Established land based & maritime empires collapsed

• A new global order emerged

Key Terms:

• Bolsheviks- Organization representing the revolutionary working class of Russia, set up a communist government under Vladimir Lenin

• 3 People’s Principles (China)

  • Democracy- country governed by active experts in the name of the people (capitalists were kicked out)

  • Nationalism- patriotism & loyalty to central authority

  • Livelihood- goal to end extreme unequal distribution of wealth

• Young Turks- Group of reformers in the Ottoman Empire

• Turkification- Effort to make all citizens of the multiethnic empire identify with Turkish culture (primarily muslim)

• Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)- Criticized as corrupt, dominated Mexican politics until the early 2000s

Key People:

• Vladimir Lenin- Led Bolsheviks

• Sun Yat-Sen- leader of the Chinese revolution movement overthrowing Qing dynasty, believed in the 3 People’s Principles

• Mustafa Kemal- (aka Kemal Ataturk) 1st president of the Republic of Turkiye, established in 1923

  • Given surname Ataturk (father of the Turks)

  • Focused on reforms likes establishing public education, abolishing, polygyny & expanding suffrage to include women

  • Ruled as a dictator

• Porfirio Diaz- Oversaw period of political stability & economic progress, dictator of Mexico & allowed foreign investors to control the country’s resources (no land for peasants)

  • Jailed Francisco Madero, his opposing presidential candidate

• Emiliano Zapata- Began redistributing land to peasants

Key Events

• Bloody Sunday- January 22, 1905, peaceful protest to ask the tsar for better wages and working conditions, 1,300 marchers were killed

• Revolution of 1905- 400,000 workers refused to work, many were injured, exiled or killed

• Russo-Japanese War- fight over expanding influence in Korea/Manchuria (Japan won)

• WWI- Germany declared war on Russia, Russia had poorly trained/armed troops, much of Russia suffered food shortages

• Mexican Revolution- Jailing of Madero + opposition of Diaz’s strong-armed policies, accommodation to foreign powers & opposition to land reforms led to revolution, ultimately overthrowing Diaz

Additional info:

Russia

• Not much economic growth- slow to expand for peasants, build roads & transportation networks, & support entrepreneurs with loans & contracts

• Internal problems led to external ones:

  • Lost Crimean War (1853-56) vs Ottoman empire

  • Lost Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) vs Japan

• Bolsheviks were the 1st example of communists running a large country

  • Conflict between communism & capitalism shaped events for the rest of the 20th century

China

• Ethnic tension- Qing were Manchu, most Chinese were Han (Qing remained ethnically distant)

• Constant danger of famine due to rapid population growth but not enough land to support

• Government revenues were low (taxes were low so gov wasn’t well financed)

• 1911- Qing overthrown by revolution movement led by Sun Yat-Sen

Ottoman Empire

• Armenians were majority Christian & struggled to conform to Turkish culture (muslim), they were blamed for the empire’s economic problems

Mexico

• Mexico adapted a new constitution in 1917 with goals of land redistribution, universal suffrage & public education

7.2 Cause of WWI

• What were the causes & consequences of World War I?

Overview:

• Social & political developments + shifting powers = WWI

Key Terms:

• Great War- Immense scale of fighting (new tech made it the deadliest war prior to WWII)

• Black Hand- Organization devoted to ending Austro-Hungarian presence in the Balkans

• Militarism- Aggressive military preparedness, celebrates war & armed forces

  • Britain & Germany spent lots of $$$ on their armies

• Secret Alliances- Groups whose members secretly agree to help protest & help one another when attacked

• Triple Entente- Alliance between Russia, Britain & France

  • Became known as the allies when more countries joined

• Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy, allies rival & later known as the Central Powers (Italy switched to the allies)

• Self Determination- Idea that people people the same ethnicity, language, culture & political ideas should be united & have the right to form an independent state

Key People

• Gavrilo Princip- Serbian member of the Black Hand, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife, Sophie

• Franz Ferdinand- Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne

Alliances

• Allies: France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Greece

• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

• Neutral States- Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland & Albania

Consequences of WWI

• Downfalls of Russia, Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman empire

• Massive power shift from Europe → US

• Germany was forced to take full blame for the war & had to agree to make huge payments

  • Gave rise to authoritarian regimes & a bigger world war

7.3

• What were some of the methods governments used to fight WW1?

Key Terms

• Conscription- compulsory enlistment in armed forces

  • Britain didn’t have universal conscription but used patriotism to recruit voluntarily

• Trench Warfare- nations dug hundreds of trenches facing one another & soldiers slept, ate & fought in them

• Poison Gas- Chlorine, phosgene, & mustard gas were used in war, many veterans suffered permanent lung damage

  • treaties outlawed the use of poison gas after the war

• Machine guns- could fire > 500 rounds of ammunition per minute, made it difficult for either side to gain territory

• Submarines- used to sink enemy warships

• Airplanes- used mainly to observe enemy lines

• Tanks- developed by the British Royal Navy, protected troops as they moved across varying terrain, with the ability to fire as well

  • In development, they were disguised as water tanks (hence the name)

• Stalemate- due to new tactics, neither side could defeat the other → bloody 4 year stalemate

• Total War- A nation’s domestic population was committed to winning the war, committing all resources & time to the war effort

• Propaganda- communication meant to influence the attitudes & opinions of a community around a subject by spreading inaccurate/slanted info

  • American & British propaganda demonized the German army & exaggerated reports of civilian attacks

  • German propaganda demonized Americans & British

  • Formed hatred between 2 sides

• ANZAC- Special corps composed of troops from Australia & New Zealand

• Gallipoli- Peninsula in NW Turkey, resulted in heavy Allied losses with little to show for the effort

• League of Nations- Organization in which all the nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly (US Senate voted against joining even though it was Woodrow Wilson’s idea)

• Treaty of Versailles- 1919 peace treaty w/ Germany

• Paris Peace Conference- Russia wasn’t invited, Italy didn’t get promised territory

  • Big 4- Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) & Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

• Self-determination- Wilson believed that conquered people under the defeated central powers should decide their own political futures

  • New nations arose from crumbled Austria-Hungary & Ottoman empires: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia

• Reparations- Germany had to pay billions of dollars for damage caused by the war, give up all of its colonies, & restrict the size of its army

  • Forced to take all of the blame for the war

• Weimar Republic- Agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Versaille, resentment by the German people set the stage for an extreme & militaristic political party, the Nazis

US Enters the War

• Reasons for entering:

  • Economic ties between the US & Allies

  • Many Americans believed Allied nations were > democratic than the Central Powers

  • Growing resentment of Germans, especially for attacks on civilian ships

• U-boat- Submarine

• Zimmerman Telegram- German govt offered to help Mexico reclaim territory lost to the US in 1848 if Mexico allied with Germany

  • Pushed US to join WW1 in 1917

Additional Info

• Imperialism expanded the boundaries of the war

  • Japan joined the Allies to take over German pacifist territory

• Arabs fought with British, British promised for self rule vs Ottomans

7.4