Untitled Flashcards Set

Explain and describe the various lines of defense against pathogens.

Skin with the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is dead skin cells. Skin is the first line of defense because its dry, salty, the body temperature for pathogens makes it harder for them to grow. Skin sloughing millions of cells are brushed away which makes it harder for pathogens to grow. Oil glands which is toxic chemical for pathogens and normal flora. Mucous Membrane which lines the body cavity and its physical barrier is thick and sticky. Chemical barrier lysozyme which degrades gram positive and also degrades peptidoglycan. Bones are the other line of defense.

3. Outline the sequence of events that occurs in phagocytosis.

Chemo toxins in which the phagocyte is chemically attracted to area like cytokine which promote inflammation. Then it is attachment with enhanced uses pathogen associated molecular patterns or enhanced with antibiotics which makes it more efficient. Then after attachment there’s ingestion which engulfs microbes then destruction or digestion which is when the lysosomes bread down the antigen cell and then lastly it is released

Describe the general complement reactions and list their 5 benefits.

The complement system is a series of defensive protein in fluids with three components classical component activated by binding of antigen to an antibody. Lectin pathway is activated by the sugar mannose. Alternative complement activated by cell wall parts. It cleans up damaged cells, helps the body heal from injury or infection and it destroys bacteria that make you sick

 List the origins and actions of several cytokines including interleukins, histamines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, tumor necrosis factor and colony stimulating factor.

Interleukins- a mast cell that regulates the immune response such as promoting inflammation and communicate to the WBCs which generates immune response

Histamines- a mast cell regulates inflammation helps the body get rid of foreign things an allergic substance or virus/bacteria is released in response to injury caused by toxins

Leukotrienes- a mast cell activates the immune cells like neutrophils to the site of infection or injury. Allergen or allergy can trigger this

Prostaglandins- a mast cell also pro inflammatory blood flow

Tumor necrosis- regulates inflammation cell viability metabolism and produce other cytokines environment stressors

Outline and describe the events occurring in the inflammation response to

     an invading bacterium.

1.     Inflammation

2.     Attract phagocytes (signaling)

3.     Promote antigen attachment ( to wbc)

4.     Cause lysis of gram negative ( by forming membrane attack complex

5.     Remove harmful immune complexes

Differentiate between the populations of WBC's (granulocytes and agranulocytes) in

    terms of morphology and physiological effect.

Granulocytes are irregular/ lobed nuclei contain granules or sacs in their cytoplasm granulocytes have three types Basophils- immune cells that contain granules filled enzymes release during allergic reaction or asthma Eosinphil- Immune cell help the body fight off allergens and parasites, Neutrophils- first line of defense against invading pathogens mature in bone marrow. Granulocytes originate from bone marrow

Agranulocyte are compact nuclei no visible granulocyte. Agranulocyte have two types monocytes which find and destroy germs and kill infected cells and lymphocytes which have B and T cells and natural killer cells. Agranulocyte originates from lymph nodes  

 Describe the anatomy and physiology of the primary and secondary

    lymphatic organs including: bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen,

    peyers patch and tonsils

Bone marrow- Holds cells that create red and white blood cells /primary

Thymus- made up of dendritic cells / primary

Lymph node- secondary / contain b cells and antigen presenting cells

Spleen- secondary/ filters blood and presents antigens to the lymphocytes

Peyers patch- immune system first line of defense against microbial dietary antigens

Tonsils- secondary/ lymphoid tissue key role in immune system

Explain the relationship between hapten and antigen

Hapten is an incomplete antigen

Identify key properties of innate immunity and be able to distinguish them from adaptive immunity. 

 The innate immune system is quick in response, its non-specific, it has no memory, cytokines soluble proteins , high in diversity , major cells are all other wbc

Outline the major components of the innate immune system including what initiates and the benefits of each defense

First line of defense is the skin which is to prevent entry (anatomic barrier) Antimicrobial chemicals and then body defense cells