Cuneiform

- cuneus

- writing system

- keeps records

- the Epic of Gilgamesh

Uruk City

- the first true city

- architectural work, made of clay, mud, sunbaked bricks

- symbol of power

Great Ziggurat of Ur

- mountain of God

- platforms of solid core mud brick

- dedicated to moon goddess Nanna

Irrigation and Dikes

- solved problems of flooding, water scarcity, farming, harvesting, food production

Sailboat

- transportation of goods

Wheel

- farm work and food processes

- mass production

- rice mill

Plow

- dig ground

- cultivate land for increased crop production

Roads

- first roads

- for easier transportation

b. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

- found by the Amorites

- situated in Mesopotamia (center of Mesopotamian civilization)

o Polytheists

 worship multiple deities/gods

The Hanging Gardens

- layers upon layers of gardens

- several species of plants

Code of Hammurabi

- an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth

- sets of laws on religion, agriculture, administration

Religion

- polytheists

- Gods & Goddesses (birth, sorrows, suffering, happiness, death)

c. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

- northeastern Africa 14th millennium BC

- the success of ancient Egypt civilization came from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture

The Pyramids

- tombs for pharaohs and queens

- smooth angles (symbolize rays of the sun)

Mummification

- long journey after life on Earth

Papyrus

- safe-keeping records that were often destroyed by raiders

Ink

- soot with different chemicals

- record history, culture and codified laws

Hieroglyphics

- holy writing

- walls of pyramids

- record of Egyptian’s history and culture

Cosmetics

- health and aesthetics

- kohl-soot & galena

- makeup protections, holiness

Wig

- protection against sunrays and lice

Clepsydra

- water clock

- gravity that affects flow of water from vessel to another

Ubaid

- - first agents of civilization in the region in that they had rudimentary technological knowledge as evidenced by tools and clay artifacts they left behind

Alarm Clock

- use of water and pebbles/sand that dropped into drums which creates sound

Water Mill

- agricultural processes

Odometer

- measures distance

Olympics

- religious festival in honor of Zeus

Geometry

- geometric facts for deductive reasoning

Medicine

- symptoms of pneumonia, epilepsy, etc.

Hippocratic Oath

- Hippocrates – father of medicine

Experiments

- human body

Newspaper

- acta diurnal

- gazettes

- government information

Codex

- bound books covered with wax then replaced with animal skin

Architecture

- cathedrals, basilicas, coliseums, aqueduct, amphitheaters, houses

Numerals

- roman numerals

Julian Calendar

- republican calendar

Aeolipile

- precursor of steam engine

- aka Hero’s engine

Catapult

- medieval artillery for hurling stones, missiles

- weapon

Air Conditioner

- water from aqueducts circulated thrpugh walls to cool houses

e. CHINESE CIVILIZATION

- oldest civilization in Asia

- middle kingdom

Silk

- silk trade (exchange of culture, knowledge, goods)

Tea

- wheel-based machine that shreds tea leaves into strips

Great Wall of China

- control borders of China

- Made with stone, brick, wood, etc.

Gun Powder

- alchemist

- charcoal, sulfur, potassium nitrate

- weapon

- fireworks

Printing Press

- Johan Guttenberg

- wooden machine that extracted juices from fruits

- metal impressions create exact copy

Microscope

- Zacharias Janssen

- for observation of small organisms

- guided by principles used in eyeglasses

Telescope

- Hans Lippershey

- Galileo Galilei (Father of Modern Science)

- Astronomy

War Weapons

- offense and defense

- cross bow, long bow

- body armor

Steam Engine

James Watt
heat to motion

Pasteurization

Louis Pasteur
heat processing liquids/foods to kill bacteria

Oil Refinery

Samuel M. Kier
Invented kerosene from refining

Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell
communication

Mechanical calculator

Blaise Pascal
easier arithmetic calculation

Electricity

William Gilbert
Forces in Friction
Benjamin Franklin (experimentations in electricity)

Car

Henry Ford
T-car model

Airplane

Orville & Wilbur Wright

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

Kampilan

Filipino sword
Used by Datus and Sultans as symbol of power, wealth, status

Baybayin

indigenous scripts of pre-colonial Filipinos

Erythromycin

Dr. Abelardo Aguilar
antibiotic

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

Dominic Chung & Lamberto Armada

SALt Lamp

Aisa Mijeno
Sustainable Alterative Lighting Lamp

Medical Incubator

Dr. Fe Del Mundo
native laundry basket inside bigger one
hot water bottles inserted in between for warmth

Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System

DOST

E-Jeepney

- uses electricity instead of diesel

MESOAMERICA – AZTEC

• The Aztecs were an advanced and prosperous civilization who built beautiful and sophisticated cities.

• The highly developed empire had an elaborate leadership and society that consisted of four classes.

➢Nobles (highest in power)

➢Commoners (the majority of population, were mostly farmers)

➢Serfs (worked land for the nobles)

➢Slaves (consisted of those captured and indebted who couldn’t pay)

Mandatory education
Chocolates
Antispasmodic medication
Chinampa
Calendar
Canoe
Mosaic masks made of turquoise, obsidian, and green or black stone
Weapons

ASIA – INDIA

Astronomy

theories on configuration of the universe
the spherical self-supporting earth
360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
7-8 planets
Sun is a star
Eclipses
Longitudes of planets
Moon’s Crescent
Known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works
Ayurveda
Astronomy
Mathematics
Mohendojaro Ruler Standard measurement of length

Aryabhata

first of the major mathematician- astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy
He states that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight

Aryabhatiya

Place value system
Approximation of π Trigonometry

Brahmagupta

Defined the properties of the number zero, both as a placeholder and a decimal digit

Madhava

mathematical analysis

ASIA – CHINA

Acupuncture
Compass
Heavenly bodies and lunar calendars
Papermaking

ASIA – MIDDLE EAST

Hasan Ibn al-Haytham

Father of Optics
**Intromission Theory of Light
was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age

Muhammad ibn Musa a l-Khwarizmi

Algorithm in mathematics
Algebra from al-jabr calendars, calculating true positions of the sun, moon and planets, tables of sines and tangents, spherical astronomy, astrological tables

Jabir ibn Hayyan

Father of Chemistry

Ibn Sina Experimental medicine

Clinical trial
Contagious nature of infectious diseases
Pharmacology

AFRICA

Geometry
Lebombo Bone
Alchemy
Human anatomy
Pharmacology
Medicine
Astronomy
Calendar
Solar, lunar, stellar
Metallurgy
Iron technology