apush test on roaring20s/gd/nd
Roaring 20s
Post war economic stability: a market for american consumer goods and america selling to europe at first means post war economic prowess.
Post War Recession bust followed afterwards with Inflation. From 1920-1921 Gross National Product declined 10%; 100k businesses went bankrupt; 453k farmers lost land; 5M Americans lost jobs etc. Gvt controlling too much→ Democrat party being blamed. Employers also used recession to rescind rights for workers and unions + cut wages.
Boston Police Strike: In 1919, Police force striked in response to cutting wages→ No police = Boston erupting in panic and violence. Government being blamed yet again.
Steelworkers Strike 1919: Greatest strike in American history→ 350k steelworkers striked for recognition of union + better wages→ Long brutal violent battle, eventually the strike was subdued but significantly hurt American labor. Unions are communist
Great migration: Many african americans moved from rural areas to cities, this caused issues with black and white
Red summer: was a series of anti black riots due to the great migrations, things like chicago riots and new york riots
Marcus Garvey: argued superiority in African race and argued for Africans to leave the country back to Africa→ outrage among whites, and he was deported to Jamaica→ Blacks also outraged due to his deportation
Red Scare and rise of Radicalism: Formation of the Comintern in 1919 and American Communist Party→ communism was not a theory but a regime→ threat of radicalism and stray from american democracy→ communists being blamed for bombings happening in america; conflicts and issues which the GVT could not handle
Palmer Raids: New Years 1920→ American govt orchestrated raids on alleged radicals, over 6000 dead, lots of which were innocent→ outrage.
Trial of Socco and Vanzetti; italian immigrants charged with murder with very little evidence → due to being “anarchists” they faced an unfair trial and we're sentenced to death unfairly→ widespread protests and anger at the govt for letting this happen
Pro business: during this time america was very pro business, they stopped regulating monopolies and all that, they startyed su;porting business and not unions and all that
Return to normalcy: All these economic, social and political problems stemmed from the progressive reforms and policies of democratic party post WW1; Warren G Harding showed an alternative of ‘normalcy’ or pre WW1. ended progressive era
Radio: new technology which many people had,
Welfare capitalism: Standard of living rose for many workers due to this nw concept in which it had things like shorter work weeks, higher wages and paid vacations
Average income: still less than what it needed to be
AFL: American Federation of Labor which was labor union only for skilled workers, left out woman and african americans
Pink Collared jobs: Woman we're limited to pink collared jobs which we're thingslike saleswoman, clerks secretaries etc. they we're paid lower than men, woman also worked in jobs that we're exclusively woman
African Americans: Also paid lower working jobs like garbage collectors, janiotrs dishwashers.
A Phillip Randolph: influential civil rights activist who led a union for black people
Alien Land act: further shows nativism as california restricted japanese americans from buying land
Overproduction: Farmers kept overproducing and never stopped until new deal, producing so much that no one wants
Parity: Ensure farmers would get back production costs, vetoed
Consumer culture: emphasis on buying in consumerism, things like appliances
Automobiles: with the rise of henry model t, people could buy automobiles
Suburbs: development of suburbs was possible to do cars, outside of cities and provided a new area
Advertising: the idea of advertising was also booming, advertising their products etc.
Margaret sanger: advocated for birth control
Flappers: Different type of woman with short dresses, smoking, makeup drank and dance.
National womans party: launched for equal rights for woman and men
Education: education increased rapidly during this time more emphasis on education
Lost generation: group of writers who resented this new change who didnt like all of these new changes, criticized middle class values
Harlem Renaissance: Promoted african american culture through arts and music and jazz.
Langston Hughes: wrote a book that focused on the discrimination african americans faced, I am a negro and i'm proud of it
Prohibition: many problems with prohibition, people liked to drink, it put a toll on american economy ue to income tax, many iullegal schemes like al capone, closing of saloons etc weak enforcement too
Emergency Quota Act: restricted immigrants from coming to the united states
Rebirth of KKK: The KKK not only was against blacks but also against immigrantsd such as southern and eastern eurppe birth of the nation was a film made by the kkk which disreespected blacks
Scopes Monkey Trial: really showed fundamantelism vs religious, he was a highschool biology teacher that taught evolution, big supreme court trial in which he lost
Alfred Smith: Catholic democrat who lost cause he was a catholic, not good for the democrat party
Harding: Return to normalcy, breached with scandals etc.
Calvin Coolidge: vice president who becomes president and practiced laissez faire policies
Andrew Mellon: cuts taxes, government spending etc
Great Depression
Overspeculation: the bull stock market had a sharp increase in the beginning, so a lot of americans decided to use the oppuruntnityn and invested a lot in the stock market, when it crashed it was detrimental black tuesday
Buying on margin: lots of americans also decided to buy on margin, whioch meant they bought stocks using the banks money, so when the stocks fell they had to pay that money back which they couldnt
Causes of depression: only a few big industries such as railroad lack of diversifiaction, if they fell america would be not good. Unequal distribution of wealth, lots of americans we're still poor. Everyone was buying things on credit/loans instead of real money overproduction was still a problem
Dawes Plan: American plan of giving money as loans to germany, germany would use these loans to pay back war reperations to france and britian, and then france and britian would use the money germany gave them to the united states, nothing changed it was the same money going around
Bank crisis: do to all of these things, banks crash, money is lost everything is just a mess
Dust bowl: series of severe dust storms that completely ravaged american agriculture.
African Americans in great depression: even worse for african americans, they we're getting fired and it just wasnt good.
Scostboro trial: two white woman accused a group of 9 boys for rape, no evdience but they we're put to jail. Really highlighted the unfair inequalities.
Woman in great depression: pressured not to work, if men we're working. But stil didnt stop them cause they n eeded the money
Retreat from consumerism: the depression made a retreat from consumerism, so birth rates and all o f that and spending dropped
Minorities: japanese and hispanics we're hurt a lot too
Self Blame: lots of men we're hopeless and sad due to the depression, they blamed themselved, blames not able to provide and deserted
Radio: things like fireside talks with FDR and many more we're important, americans could get news and it was one of their only few hopes.
Volunteerism: Hoover did this in stuff like his canal, which he urged volunteers to work on projects and believe government spending would be good, but ultimately it wasnt a d put america more in debt
Hawley Smoot Tariff: tariff on european and foreign goods, but this high tariff means europeput high tariff on us goods as well, and if prices of europe increases that means american good prices increase as well, so ultimately it just wasnt good for either side.
Hoovervilles: Name for shanty bad towns developed due to hoover,
Reconstruction finance corporation: Wanted to provide loans and money to banks railroads and business but it failed
New Deal
FDR Elecion: FDR is elected in the middle of a banking crisis, but he is still confident
Bank Holiday: FDR closed all banks to calm american fears
Emergency Banking act: government must inspect banks before they reopen
21st amendment: repealed prohibition
AAA/Agriculture Adjustment Act: paid farmers to not grow crops in order to combat overproduction
National industry recovery act: created the national administration/ national industry recovery which set minimum age and maximum hours, better employment also gave rights to labor unions
Schecter vs US: declared NRA unconstitutional and repealed everything
Public works administration: provided industry recovery and unemployment relief, it built public works such as dams etc
Tennessee valley authority: gave hydroelectric power in the tennessee valley, this helped electrical monopolies and gave more jobs
Glass steagall act: Set up FDIC, Federal deposit insurance corporation which guranteed safe money in banks, reform
Truth in securities of Act: could not lie about stocks, can't sugar coat it
Securities and exchange commission: Regulated the stock market, reform
Civil Works Administration: Provided temporary jobs during the harsh winterd
Civilian Conservative corps: government camps for young men and did things out door such as firefighting reforestign etc, relief
Townshend: Appealed to senior citizens, had a plan for pensions for senior citizens, provided money but they had to spend it
Coughlin: wanted to change the banking system, wanted to nationalize the banks
Long: had the “sharing to wealth plan” wanted to redistribute the wealth by taxing the wealthy and giving it to the poorer people
Wagner Act: helped labors by giving the right to bargain and gave the right for unions such as strikes
John Lewis: Formed the committee for industrial organization which was one of the biggest industrial unions
Social Security Act: Provided unemployment insurance and money for senior citizens
Works Progress administration: spent lots of money on building bridges, roads and put a lot of people to work
FDR and the Supreme Court: Supreme court overturned so much of FDRs policies, so FDR had the idea he could appoint judges that turn above 70, supreme court didnt like this cause of the fear of dictatorship
Fair Labor standards act: minimum wage and a 40 hour work week
African americans and the new deal: African americans still gained little rights, there was still segregation and they we're left out of the new deal
Indian reorganization act: reversed the dawes act and gave indians more land