Unit 7 vocab

Progressive Movement: named for the various progressive movements that attracted various constituencies around various reforms. Americans had many different ideas about how the country’s development should be managed and whose interests required the greatest protection. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire:In 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in Manhattan caught fire. The doors of the factory had been chained shut to prevent employees from taking unauthorized breaks (the managers who held the keys saved themselves, but left over two hundred women behind). Hull-House: Hull House workers provided for their neighbors by running a nursery and a kindergarten, administering classes for parents and clubs for children, and organizing social and cultural events for the community. muckrakers: journalists who exposed business practices, poverty, and corruption—labeled by Theodore Roosevelt as “muckrakers”—aroused public demands for reform How the Other Half Lives: a scathing indictment of living and working conditions in the city’s slums. The Jungle: a novel dramatizing the experiences of a Lithuanian immigrant family who moved to Chicago to work in the stockyards. Although Sinclair intended the novel to reveal the brutal exploitation of labor in the meatpacking industry, and thus to build support for the socialist movement, its major impact was to lay bare the entire process of industrialized food production. Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act: Sinclair’s exposé led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. Social Gospel: emerged within Protestant Christianity at the end of the nineteenth century. It emphasized the need for Christians to be concerned for the salvation of society, and not simply individual souls. NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association): a leading suffrage organization composed largely of middle- and upper-class women. Atlanta Compromise: encouraged Black Americans to “cast your bucket down” to improve life’s lot under segregation. In the same speech, delivered one year before the Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision that legalized segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine, Washington said to white Americans, “In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” NAACP: lasted from 1909 to 1934 as editor of The Crisis, one of America’s leading Black publications. Du Bois attacked Washington and urged Black Americans to concede to nothing, to make no compromises and advocate for equal rights under the law
Northern Securities Company: a “holding” trust in which several wealthy bankers, most famously J. P. Morgan, used to hold controlling shares in all the major railroad companies in the American Northwest Conservation (vs. Preservation): to take every part of the land and its resources and put it to that use in which it will serve the most people.” Preservation (vs. Conservation): setting aside pristine lands for their aesthetic and spiritual value, for those who could take his advice to “[get] in touch with the nerves of Mother Earth.” Progressive (Bull Moose) Party: When the Republican Party spurned Roosevelt’s return to politics and renominated the incumbent Taft, Roosevelt left and formed his own coalition, the Progressive or “Bull Moose” Party. New Nationalism: emphasized the regulation of already existing corporations or the expansion of federal power over the economy 13 Amendment: abolition of slavery 14th amendment: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside 15th: Right to vote given to african americans 16th Amendment (Constitution Center Hyperlink): "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration." 17th Amendment (Constitution Center Hyperlink): The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. 18th Amendment (Constitution Center Hyperlink): After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 19th Amendment (Constitution Center Hyperlink): The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Clayton Antitrust Act: substantially enhanced the Sherman Act, specifically regulating mergers and price discrimination and protecting labor’s access to collective bargaining and related strategies of picketing, boycotting, and protesting.
yellow journalism: newspapers that promoted sensational stories, notoriously at the cost of accuracy—such as William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal called for war with Spain. Open Door Policy: called for all Western powers to have equal access to Chinese markets. Hay feared that other imperial powers—Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia—planned to carve China into spheres of influence. It was in the economic interest of American business to maintain China for free trad “Big Stick”: Roosevelt insisted that the “big stick” and the persuasive power of the U.S. military could ensure U.S. hegemony over strategically important regions in the Western Hemisphere. Monroe Doctrine: , proclaiming U.S. police power in the Caribbean. As articulated by President James Monroe in his annual address to Congress in 1823, the United States would treat any military intervention in Latin America by a European power as a threat to American security. Roosevelt Corollary: proclaiming U.S. police power in the Caribbean. Great White Fleet: sixteen all-white battleships that sailed around the world between 1907 and 1909, exemplified America’s new power. Gentleman’s Agreement: , according to which Japan would stop issuing passports to working-class emigrants. In its forty-two-volume report of 1911, the U.S. Immigration Commission highlighted the impossibility of incorporating these new immigrants into American society. Dollar Diplomacy: offered a less costly method of empire and avoided the troubles of military occupation. Washington worked with bankers to provide loans to Latin American nations in exchange for some level of control over their national fiscal affairs.
Lusitania: Over a hundred American lives were lost. The attack, coupled with other German attacks on American and British shipping, raised the ire of the public and stoked the desire for war Unrestricted submarine warfare: At about the same time, the Germans again pursued unrestricted submarine warfare to deprive the Allies of replenishment supplies from the United States. Zimmerman Telegram: helped usher the United States into the war Great Migration: sparked significant racial conflict as white northerners and returning veterans fought to reclaim their jobs and their neighborhoods from new Black migrants. Red Summer: Riots erupted across the country from April until October. The massive bloodshed included thousands of injuries, hundreds of deaths, and vast destruction of private and public property across the nation Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917 & 1918- Wilson signed the Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918, stripping dissenters and protesters of their rights to publicly resist the war. Critics and protesters were imprisoned. Immigrants, labor unions, and political radicals became targets of government investigations and an ever more hostile public culture. policies) Red Scare (First): The 1917 Russian Revolution, meanwhile enflamed American fears of communism. The fates of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-born anarchists who were convicted of robbery and murder in 1920 epitomized a sudden American Red Scare. Their arrest, trial, and execution, meanwhile, inspired many leftists and dissenting artists to express their sympathy with the accused, such as in Maxwell Anderson’s Gods of the Lightning or Upton Sinclair’s Boston armistice: . German military forces withdrew from France and Belgium and returned to a Germany teetering on the brink of chaos. Fourteen Points: Wilson offered an ambitious statement of war aims and peace terms known as the Fourteen Points. The plan not only dealt with territorial issues but offered principles on which a long-term peace could be built. But in January 1918, Germany still anticipated a favorable verdict on the battlefield and did not seriously consider accepting the terms of the Fourteen Points. Treaty of Versailles: he Treaty of Versailles officially ended the war League of Nations: charged with keeping a worldwide peace by preventing the kind of destruction that tore across Europe and “affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.”
“Return To Normalcy”: He had won a landslide election by promising a “return to normalcy.” The Birth of a Nation: popular and groundbreaking film that valorized the Reconstruction Era Klan as a protector of feminine virtue and white racial purity. Taking advantage of this sudden surge of popularity, Colonel William Joseph Simmons organized what is often called the “second” Ku Klux Klan in Georgia in late 1915 “Black Wall Street”: Black Americans had built up the Greenwood District with commerce and prosperity. Booker T. Washington called it the “Black Wall Street. Harlem Renaissance: The area’s cultural ferment produced the Harlem Renaissance and fostered what was then termed the New Negro Movement. UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association): Within just a few years of his arrival, he built the largest Black nationalist organization in the world, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).29 Inspired by Pan-Africanism and Booker T. Washington’s model of industrial education, and critical of what he saw as Du Bois’s elitist strategies in service of Black elites, Garvey sought to promote racial pride, encourage Black economic independence, and root out racial oppression in Africa and the Diaspora modernists (vs. fundamentalist): influenced by the biblical scholarship of nineteenth-century German academics, argued that Christian doctrines about the miraculous might be best understood metaphorically fundamentalist (vs. modernists): ashed out against what they saw as a sagging public morality, a world in which Protestantism seemed challenged by Catholicism, women exercised ever greater sexual freedoms, public amusements encouraged selfish and empty pleasures, and critics mocked Prohibition through bootlegging and speakeasies. Teapot Dome Scandal: . Known as the Teapot Dome scandal (named after the nearby rock formation that resembled a teapot), interior secretary Albert Fall and navy secretary Edwin Denby resigned and Fall was convicted and sent to jail. flapper:a woman who favored short skirts, makeup, and cigarettes.
GDP (gross domestic product): More and more, the well-to-do had no need for the new automobiles, radios, and other consumer goods that fueled gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the 1920s Black Tuesday: the stock market began its long precipitous fall. Stock values evaporated. Shares of U.S. Steel dropped from $262 to $22. Hawley-Smoot Tariff:Hoover signed into law the highest tariff in American history, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, just as global markets began to crumble. Other countries responded in kind, tariff walls rose across the globe Dust Bowl: as the region became known, exposed all-too-late the need for conservation. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Hoover, hoping to stimulate American industry, created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to provide emergency loans to banks, building-and-loan societies, railroads, and other private industries. Bonus Army: Popular magazines and newspapers were filled with stories of homeless boys and the veterans-turned-migrants of the Bonus Army commandeering boxcars. New Deal: Under the New Deal, the Immigration and Naturalization Service halted some of the Hoover administration’s most divisive practices, but with jobs suddenly scarce, hostile attitudes intensified, and official policies less than welcoming, immigration plummeted and deportations rose. Over the course of the Depression, more people left the United States than entered it. Fireside Chat: On March 12, the night before select banks reopened under stricter federal guidelines, Roosevelt appeared on the radio in the first of his Fireside Chats. The addresses, which the president continued delivering through four terms, were informal, even personal. Glass-Steagall Act: In June, Congress passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Act, which instituted a federal deposit insurance system through the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and barred the mixing of commercial and investment banking Social Security Act: Perhaps the signature piece of Roosevelt’s Second New Deal, however, was the Social Security Act. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO):Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), breaking with the more conservative, craft-oriented AFL. Roosevelt’s Recession (of 1937):The Roosevelt Recession of 1937 became fodder for critics
Stimson Doctrine: Refused to recognize any state established as a result of Japanese aggression. Four Freedoms: freedom of speech, of worship, from want, and from fear Fair Employment and Practices Committee: monitor defense industry hiring practices. While the armed forces remained segregated throughout the war, and the FEPC had limited influence, the order showed that the federal government could stand against discrimination. CORE (Congress of Racial Equality): was formed in 1942 and spearheaded the method of nonviolent direct action to achieve desegregation Atlantic Charter: reinforced those ideas and added the right of self-determination and promised some sort of postwar economic and political cooperation. Manhattan Project: a hugely expensive, ambitious program to harness atomic energy and create a single weapon capable of leveling entire cities. Trinity: The Americans successfully exploded the world’s first nuclear device, Trinity, in New Mexico in July 1945. (Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, where the bomb was designed War Production Board: managed economic production for the war effort and economic output exploded. Executive Order 9066: authorizing the removal of any persons from designated “exclusion zones”—which ultimately covered nearly a third of the country—at the discretion of military commanders. Tehran Conference (the book never directly says “conference”, search Tehran and you’ll find what was discussed): In the wake of the Soviets’ victory at Stalingrad, the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) met in Tehran in November 1943. Dismissing Africa and Italy as a sideshow, Stalin demanded that Britain and the United States invade France to relieve pressure on the Eastern Front. Yalta Conference (the book never directly says “conference”, search Yalta and you’ll find what was discussed): The Big Three met again at Yalta in the Soviet Union, where they reaffirmed the demand for Hitler’s unconditional surrender and began to plan for postwar Europe. Potsdam Conference (the book never directly says “conference”, search Potsdam and you’ll find what was discussed): Allied leaders met again, this time at Potsdam, Germany, where it was decided that Germany would be divided into pieces according to current Allied occupation, with Berlin likewise divided, pending future elections. Stalin also agreed to join the fight against Japan in approximately three months G.I. Bill: was a multifaceted, multibillion-dollar entitlement program that rewarded honorably discharged veterans with numerous benefits.31