Unit 3b-4 Review

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

• French built forts to stop British from expanding on Ohio River Valley

• Britain and US against France

• Settled by the Treaty of Paris 1763

  • British got French Canada and Spanish Florida, Spanish got French Louisiana

• French were removed from North America, loss of a trading partner

• Pontiac’s Rebellion, attacked British forts

  • Proclamation of 1763 told settlers not to settle west past the Appalachian mountains, they did it anyways

• British enforced more taxes to help pay off war debt, ended salutary neglect

Road to the Revolution

• Sugar Act 1764: Made it harder to smuggle goods, taxation without representation, taxed foreign goods

• Stamp Act 1765: First direct tax on people, tax on all papers

  • Stamp Act Congress 1765: Got together and released the “Declaration of Rights and Grievances”

  • Tarred and feathered tax collectors

• Boston Massacre 1770, 9 British soldiers shot harassing crowd

• Committees of Correspondence 1770s spread anti-British propaganda

• Intolerable Acts 1774: Closed off ports, replaced Massachusetts officials with British ones, Quartering Act

Arguments for Independence

• Rights of British subjects

  • Rejection of virtual representation

• Rights of individuals

  • Taxation

• Enlightenment ideas

  • Consent of governed

  • Life, liberty, property

  • Common Sense, Declaration of Independence

• How did colonists win?

  • Familiarity with land

  • Washington

  • Commitment

  • Alliances (French after Saratoga)

After the Revolution

Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

• First constitution

• National government after independence

• Weak central government, keeping most of the power in the states

  • Treaties had to be ratified by states and could block amendments

  • No executive or judicial branch

• Failed because couldn’t enforce taxes or laws—struggled with debt from the revolution

• No military

• Shays’ Rebellion: Farmers held a violent revolt against new taxes

  • Realized the central government under articles was too weak

• US stayed neutral, impressment happened and Britain didn’t abandon certain things as promised in the Treaty of Paris 1783

Constitutional Convention

• Convention that resulted in the constitution

  • Old rich white guys

  • Left out women, Native Americans, and African Americans

• The Great Compromise: Representation in the House of Representatives according to population and in the Senate by equal numbers for each state

• Southern states wanted to count slaves as population, northern didn’t, 3/5 compromise

New Government

1. Popular sovereignty

2. Federalism (Split into national and state governments)

3. Separation of powers (3 branches)

4. Checks and balances

Hamilton

• Treasury Secretary under Washington

• Wants to rely less on agriculture, more banking, finance, etc

• Plan to pay off debt

  1. Tariffs (Benefitted New England, not South)

  2. Federally pay debt

     1. South almost done paying debt so not happy

  3. National Bank BOTUS

     1. Not explicitly stated in the constitution

  4. Federal government should promote new manufacturing, transportation & industrial enterprises

Washington

• Stayed neutral in French Revolution

• Citizen Genet: French ambassador openly violated U.S. neutrality by recruiting 4 U.S. warships to capture English and Spanish merchant ships

• Jay’s Treaty

  • John Jaw was sent to Britain to negotiate and 1. remove British restrictions on US exports, 2. stop occupying land they agreed to leave, 3. impressment

  • Basically only leverage was to threaten to join Danish and Swedish to defend their neutrality but Hamilton already went and told them they wouldn’t independently

  • British evacuate forts, reimburse U.S. for seizures of ships & open U.S. trade with British W. Indies

• Whiskey Rebellion

  • Farmers in Pennsylvania rebel against new excise tax

  • Washington puts it down and sends 13,000 militiamen

  • Demonstrated immense power of federal government

• Pinckney’s Treaty: With Spain, resolved territorial disputes and granted US use of the Mississippi river + port of New Orleans

• Farewell address warned against parties, sectionalism, and threats against nation’s unity

Adams

• “Quasi War” with France, they viewed Jay’s treaty as an alliance

• XYZ Affair: Sends diplomats to talk to French people and they ask for a bribe

  • Undeclared naval war with France, conflict between Federalists and Republicans

• Alien and Sedition Acts: Limit freedom of speech and press + liberties of immigrants who had not yet become citizens (including deportation)

  • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions denounced these acts

• Judiciary Act 1801: Midnight judges, attempt to control the judicial system before Jefferson took office

Jefferson

• Increased participation in government for white males

  • Less requirement for land ownership

• Republican Simplicity → small government, plain living

• Commercial agriculture and exports

• Louisiana Purchase

  • Hypocritically loose interpretation of constitution

  • Lewis & Clark

• Marbury vs Madison

  • Established supremacy of the federal government over state governments through judicial review

• Embargo Act

  • Stop all exports of American goods in effort to stop violation of American rights by France & Britain

  • Failed: devastated economy and increased appeal of Federalist party

• End of International Slave Trade (1808) → slave trade within the US continues

  • Fear of revolt in the south

• Madison inherits the poor relationship with Britain which eventually leads to war of 1812

Legacy of War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent completely restored the status quo

• Intense surge of patriotism throughout the U.S. (we didn’t lose!)

• Led to economic independence & self-sufficiency

• Republicans began interpreting more loose and stronger central government

  • Hartford Convention: Federalists meet in New England, discuss policies which are rejected by congress, Federalists eventually died out (final blow) and single party system until Jackson

Market Revolution of 1815-1850

• Cotton culture in south, king cotton

• Agriculture in west

• Industrialization in Northeast

• Causes

  • Immigration (Large supply of labor)

  • Expansion

  • Mechanization, industrialization

  • Internal improvements and transportation

• Impact

  • Link between rural communities and worldwide through canals, railroad, and telegraph. United country socially and economically

Immigration

• Pull Factors: Cheap land, good wages

• Push Factors: Potato famine, government upheaval

Nativism

• Economic hostilities, perceived job competition

• Religious hostilities

• Political hostilities

  • “Know Nothing” party who tries to keep everything traditional, anti immigrant

Irish

• Catholic

• Poor

• Did manual labor (canals, railroads, factories, servants)

• Avoided the south because of expensive land and slavery taking away job opportunities

Germans

• Wealthier, went to rural areas

• Farmers, skilled workers, shopkeepers

• Traveled in families and groups to preserve culture

• Protestants, some Catholics and Jews

Effects of market economy

• Widening socioeconomic gap

• Emergence of middle class

• Communication through telegraph

• Roads, canals, railroads meant a more interconnected America

• “Yankee Ingenuity”- American inventions will help create a quicker and more mechanized process for goods

• More immigrant and slave labor

• Sectional divisions

Economy

• 2nd BUS: Chartered by republicans because of chaos and lack of stability of central bank

  • Increased sectionalism

    • Currency, value of paper money vs coins

• Tariff of 1816 also increased sectionalism, NE liked high tariffs South liked low

• Internal improvements, less support for federal spending

• Henry Clay (Whigs)

  • Federal government must be involved in economy

  • Promoted rapid expansion of the west (using new tech.)

  • The American System (influenced by Hamilton)

    1. High tariffs on imports to protect American industry

    2. High prices for federal lands → $ to the states → internal improvements (roads/canals) → goods to markets

    3. Strong national bank

  • Led to intense sectional debates

  • Farmers/commoners paying higher prices for goods produced by manufacturers (who are protected by tariffs)

• Panic of 1819: Collapse of cotton prices

  • Many recklessly borrowed money during good times, bank didn’t have enough

    • Long lasting resentment and distrust of banks

• Missouri Compromise:

  • Debate over slavery in expanding western territories

    • 11 slave states 11 free states in the Senate, Maine free Missouri slave

    • 36’ 30 line

Monroe Doctrine

• Statement of Intent (not officially acknowledged by Europe):

  1. American continents could not be colonized by European powers

  2. European attempts to impart their political systems on the Americas was “dangerous”

  3. U.S. would not interfere with any European colonies still in existence

  4. U.S. would stay out of European affairs and wars

• Effort to end European involvement in America and promote nationalism

  • Non intervention and creating trading ties in Latin America

  • Didn’t end trade with Europe

Jackson

• Election of 1828

• Religious and property qualifications to vote much looser

  • Ordinary working Americans liked Jackson

• Indian Removal Act 1830

  • 5 major native American tribes relocated to west of Mississippi River

  • Many died due to malnutrition and disease and exposure

• Cherokee fought against their removal, said they had a right to be respected as a foreign country

  • Cherokee vs Georgia supreme court ruled against them

  • In Worcester vs Georgia supreme court ruled against Georgia, Jackson refused to enforce it

• Government officials signed a treaty with Cherokee officials who favored relocation

• Herded by army on deadly march West

• Trail of Tears

  • 18000 forced to leave homes, 4500 died

• Second Bank of the United States (BOTUS/BUS)

  • Established in 1816 with a 20 year charter

  • Overseen by federal government to regulate state banks

  • Jackson opposed rechartering National Bank because:

    • Strict Interpretation: Constitution did not give Congress authority to create the bank

    • Believed state banks were more likely to make loans to poorer farmers in the South and West (aka Jackson supporters)

    • Viewed National Banks as institution devoted to interests of wealthy, northern corporations

• 1832: Jackson vetoed a bill to extend bank’s charter

  • Jackson wins re-election

  • Orders money taken out of the bank deposited in select state banks

  • Lack of national bank (& overspeculation) → Later contributes to financial panic (Panic of 1837)

• 1828: Congress raises tariff on British manufactured goods

  • Northern industrial states approve → encourages Americans to buy American goods

  • Southern agricultural states despise → forced southerners to buy northern goods instead of less expensive British goods

• Recall: Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

  • States have right to reject federal laws (nullification theory)

• Congress passed Tariff of 1832

  • South Carolina declared the tariff law “null & void” & threatened to secede from Union if federal government tried to enforce

• Force Bill

  • Jackson asks congress for authority to force South Carolina to pay tariff

    • South Carolina declares Force Bill null & void

• Tariffs would be reduced over a period of 10 years

  Issues of nullifications & states’ rights will continue

• Whigs form in opposition to Jackson

  • Support American system & Clay’s ideas of internal improvements

  • Whigs put up 4 candidates against Van Buren (Jackson’s selection)

    • Hoping to split electoral votes

    • Doesn’t work → Van Buren assumes presidency

• Panic of 1837

  • Overspeculation & instability of banks

  • Contributes to William Henry Harrison (Whig) beating Van Buren in landslide (1840)

    • Voter turnout 75%

• Re-Birth of Two Party System

King Cotton

• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1790s)

• Made large-scale production of cotton possible

• Booming textile industry of North bought cotton to weave into cloth to see to American population

• Largest demand: from Great Britain’s mechanized textile industry

• Cotton gin + growing demand meant a lot of families began growing it

  • Cotton Belt: nearly uninterrupted bank of cotton farms stretching across the South from Virginia in the East to Texas in the West

• Wealthier planters bought huge areas of land and needed slaves

• AMOUNT OF $ MADE BY GROWING COTTON INCREASED → # OF PLANTATIONS INCREASED → INCREASED DEMAND FOR SLAVE LABOR

• By 1840 2.5 million enslaved African Americans, ~1/3 population of south