Clinical
State- temporary element of personality
Trait- consistent element of personality
Free association- Give someone a prompt and they speak off of that prompt; based on free-flowing thought you can determine things based on their personality
Self-concept- Your perception of yourself
Individualism- Trusting and acting on feelings of being true to yourself
Person-situation controversy- Who is more important when it comes to understanding someone? The person or the situation that they are in
Short term- situation matters more
Long term- person matters more
Narcissism- Inflated sense of importance; people with this trait have a tendency to manipulate or exploit others
Pseudo Psychology
Physiognomy- Your physical shape says things about your personality
Phrenology- You feel someones skull and based on if there is a bump or divot it tells you different things about their personality
Four humors- Depending on the proportion of these humors (fluid in body-blood phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) people had different personalities
Freud’s ideas
Conscious experience- what you are aware of
Unconscious- stuff buried deep within you; dark and evil aspects of humanity
Preconscious- stuff we aren’t currently aware of but we could become aware of
Conscious- What you are currently aware of
Id- devil on your shoulder; only cares about what you want and how to get what you want (ex. newborns)
Ego- aspect of you that is interacting with the world; “middle part”
Superego- angel on your shoulder; overly focused on morals and what is right vs what is wrong
Freud’s Psychosexual
Focus on the Id and depending on how the child resolves that focus it can effect their personality
Oral- eating and soothing themselves
0-18 months
Anal- potty training
18-36 months
Phallic- child becomes aware of their genitals and the differences between the sexes
3-6 years
Etical complex- child wants to kill his father and have sex with his mother
Electra comlplex- female child wants to kill her mother and have sex with her father
Latency- focus on creating same sex peers
6-puberty
Genital- resolving sexual desires with romantic relationships
Puberty-onward
Freud’s defense mechanisms
Ways to protect the ego
Regression: where you are retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage to protect the ego
Denial: we refuse to accept the threat to our ego or pretend it doesn’t exist
Projection: disguising threatening impulses by saying it is how someone else feels
Displacement: take out negative feelings about oneself on an external source; ex. Leah using Gabby as a punching bag
Reaction formation: acknowledging how you feel isn’t appropriate so you swing to the opposite end of the spectrum
Rationalization: come up with excuses for behavior that are more socially acceptable
Freud’s ideas
Development- Development happened and it got stagnant; stuck in specific phases of development
Wrong about stuck in stages, being able to process things as a baby, and the time period ginger identities seems to present
Dream- dreams are a way our brain is processing different thoughts, experiences, and exposures during our typical days; about understanding our consciousness
Defense mechanisms- about protecting our biases and self esteems rather than our ego and unconscious
Repression- can take a traumatic event and bury it deep down into our unconscious where it still impacts you but you are unaware of it (88% of college students believed in oppression)
Falsifiability- Freud created a theory impossible to test. (based on the unconscious; since we are unaware it is impossible to approach it from a scientific perspective)
Trajectory- most of Freud’s theories are designed to explain something after the fact; does not allow us to predict future behavior really
Sexist- believed women were immoral and men could only have morality
Jung analytic theory
Unconscious
Personal- material or information that is not in your consciousness (due to forgetting or repression)
Collective- ancestral conscious memories that have been passed down through lineage
Ancestral memory archetype- elements of collective unconscious that are common to everyone
Anima (man)/animus (woman): emotionally charged patterns of thought
Shadow: sex, death, destruction concepts, but different from Freud
Persona: how we present ourselves to the world (provides protection to true inner self)
Big Five
Openness- how willing you are to try new things
Conscientiousness- how much you adhere to rules or social norms (larger frontal lobes with higher conscientiousness)
Extroversion- how much you are able to interact with others for a long period of time
Agreeableness- how much you get along with someone in a social situation
Neuroticism- nervousness and anxiety (neural connections that make stress more visceral in highly neurotic people)
Can be remembered by OCEAN or CANOE
Stability- as you age you grow more conscientious, more agreeable, and less neurotic. Personality remains relatively stable
Brain structure- those high in extraversion have generally low levels of brain arousal
Birth order- older siblings are more likely to be more conscious (no correlation in reality)
Culture- traits that are present in every culture; how strong they present depends on the culture
Prediction- high in conscientiousness and agreeableness are generally able to receive a higher level of success in the workplace
Other theories
Roger’s person-centered theory- 3 things that are critical for positive personal growth
Acceptance: accept the person as a person of value and worth
Genuiness: must respond openly, honestly, and spontaneously to the person
Empathy: share and mirror another's thoughts in order to create a place for potential change
Eysenick’s dimensional theory- rather than have 5 unique individual traits we can plot neuroticism and intro/extroversion on a matrix
Allport’s trait types- identified 4500 words in the English language that could be identified as personality traits (18000 words now)
Cardinal traits- rules and behaviors on how you approach situations that you care about; likely to be shown in any given situation
Central traits- traits found in virtually every person; central to being a human
Secondary traits- traits that are very context specific; only likely to be seen in specific contexts
Biological- genetics and gene expression are important for these traits; personality is encoded in your genes
Evolutionary- traits are important for survival and reproducing
Genes- personality is in genes, but environmental factors can effect personalies (identical twins have different personalities)
Assessment
Projective tests: where you give someone a stimuli and you ask them to build a story related to that stimuli (commonly used in kids)
Thematic apperception test (TAT): given a picture and asked to create a story form the picture
Human figure drawings: have someone draw a person and look at what they did or didn’t include
Personality inventories: very long questionnaires that cover a large number of traits and situations
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)- developed to examine and help identify emotional disorders (original had 10 different scales, now there are 13)
Myers-Briggs: based on the anscestral archaeotype; failed the validity, reliability test
Social media- perceptions of you that you share with others; can be used to understand personality
Youyou, Kosinski & Stillwell: using likes and friends on Facebook is more predictive of the big 5 than most of the people close to them
Comorbidity- 2 psychological disorders at the same time (depression & anxiety generally go hand in hand)
Lifetime prevalence rate- the likelihood of any given person to develop a psychological disorder in their lifetime (65 - 75 %)
Etiology- apparent cause and developmental history of a disorder
Epidemiology- the study of the distribution of a disorder in a given population
Insanity defense- not a psychological term (legal term); at the time of the commission of a crime the person was unable to tell either the effects of their actions or the difference between good and bad actions
Violence rates- a myth that people with a psychological disorder are more likely to be violent; 3-5% of violent crime is attributed to people with psychological disorders (10x more likely to be the victim of a crime with a psychological disorder)
Abnormal behavior
Deviance- how different behavior is to the typical person
Maladaptive- how much does this behavior interfere with their ability to lead their normal life
Personal distress- how much distress is a person feeling relating to this behavior
Value judgements- what is personally distressing to one person may not be personally distressing to another person
Symptoms: used to get a diagnostic
DSM (diagnostic and statistic manual)- if symptoms are in the book it is a psychological disorder
Current edition- DSM 5; organized by a spectrum
How it works- each disorder has symptoms and you have to exhibit a certain numbr of symptoms for a certain period of time
Neuro-developmental disorder- disorders that are prominent and devlop in childhood
Intellectual disabilities- IQ falls two standard deviaitons below the mean; difficulty going about daily lives
Learning disorders- dyslexia and dysgraphia
ADHD- diffculty focusing or attention for periods of time; high amount of energy (symptoms present prior to the age of 12; girls tend to be underdiagnosed)
Autism spectrum disorder- issues with sociality
Deppressive disorders
Major depressive disorder- a high level of depresssion that last for an extended period of time
7% of the population in any given area would meet the criteria for a diagnosis
Seasonal affective disorder- depression at different times of the year; subtype of depressive disorder
Persistant depressive disorder- depression that is long lasting but not as severe as major depressive disorder
Age of onset- generally already had a depressive episode prior to the age of 40
Recurrence- most people who have depression will have between 5 and 6 episodes of depression across their lifetime that last usually 6 months to potentially a year
Anhedonia- inability to feel joy
Sleep- sleep disruption or inadequate level of sleep
Helplessness theory- a thought pattern that traps you in your depression
Internal- it’s my fault
Stable- always going to be my fault
Global- everything is my fault
Depressive realism- people who are depressed are more realistic about the world than those who aren’t depressed
Depressed brains- less activity shown in depressed brains
Bipolar disorders
2.8% of population at a given time meet the critera
Mania- tons of energy, don’t need to sleep, really impulsive and uncontrollable
DIGFAST: distractability, indiscretion (no good judgement), grandiosity, flight of ideas (move from topic to topic quickly), activity increase (really productive), sleeplessness, talkativeness
Bipolar I: high highs and low lows
Bipolar II: Some mania but not as extreme; low lows
Cyclothymia: not as high and not as low, but still have elements that affect everyday life
Creativity: correlation with creativity and bipolar
Bipolar Disorders:
Heritability - If family members are bipolar, you are more likely to be bipolar
Anxiety:
Involves
Strong negative emotions - Fear, disgust, grief, panic
Physical Apprehension - Feel afraid of something physiologically (heart race, breathing thickens)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - Anxiety is not tied to a specific trigger, general feeling of dread or that something is going to go wrong
Body Dysmorphic Disorder - An unrealistic perception of your physical flaws
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - Can affect anyone who has had a traumatic experience, has a singular cause
Hypervigilance - Being very aware of surroundings
Memory of event intrusively coming up
Smaller hippocampus
Disordered Cognitions
Misinterpreting harmless situations as harmful situations
Focusing on perceive threats, overfocus on events and things that don’t matter
Selective Recall - Remember instances that suggest it is a harmful situation and not recall instances that suggest it is a harmless situation
Origins
Learning - If you have a parent that has an anxiety disorder, it is easy for the child to pick up on the same anxious traits
Anterior Cingulate Cortex - Part of the brain that monitors behaviors, check for errors in your behaviors
Genetic - If a family member has anxiety disorder, there is a higher likelihood that you could develop anxiety disorder
GABA - People with anxiety have a deficiency in this
19% - 1 in 5 people are likely to experience an anxiety disorder at some point in their lifetime
Phobias: Anxiety is tied to a specific trigger, experience anxiety response when there is no actual threat
Acrophobia - Fear of heights
Claustrophobia - Fear of small or contained spaces
Brontophobia - Fear of storms, fear of thunder/lightening
Hydrophobia - Fear of water
OCD:
2 parts to OCD
Aware that they are irrational
Obsessions - Internal cognitions that the individual doesn’t have control over
Compulsions - Behavioral responses to those obsessions
Schizophrenia: "Split Mind", error in perception of reality
Happens to only about 1% of the population
Hallucinations - Having a sense experience without external stimuli
Mostly auditory hallucinations
Delusions - Holding a false belief or exaggeration that is distant from reality
Catatonia - Where someone gets into a physical position that seems it would be really uncomfortable and then they maintain that position for an extended period of time
Types: Separated in acute and chronic disorders
Acute - Someone who was a typical person develops extreme schizophrenia in a short period of time, easier to treat, episodes tend to be shorter
Chronic - Slow development of schizophrenic symptoms, more difficult to treat, episodes tend to be longer
Genetics - Seems to be partially driven by genetic component
Dopamine - Letting out too much, using an antagonist helps treat this
Personality Disorders: Disorders relating to personalities
Clusters - 3 different groups
Odd - Eccentric - People tend to feel very different from others and find difficulty in relating to others
Schizoid - Lack of interest in forming relationships, no emotional response
Dramatic Emotional/Erratic - Very impulsive and attention seeking behaviors
Borderline - Hard time regulating emotions, maintaining relationships, have an inconsistent self-image (98% women, 2% in men)
Antisocial - More likely to be diagnosed in men, tend to have very little care in social norms or expectations, quick temper
Anxious-Fearful - High level of anxiety and restricting behavior to deal with that anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder - Tend to be very rigid in their pattern and rituals, obsession component is typically missing, don’t think that their behaviors are irrational
Somatic Disorders: Relating to bodily awareness and illness
Illness Anxiety Disorder - Have a preoccupation with illness symptoms, and behaviorally you are going to constantly be checking for those symptoms
Factitious Disorder - Someone enjoys the attention they get when they are sick so in order to get that they fake being sick
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another - Rather than liking the attention for being in the sick role, you like the attention you get in the nurse role, so you make someone else sick
Dissociative Disorders: Disorders marked by extreme issues with memory or identity
DID - Dissociative Identity Disorder, multiple personality disorder, patient says they have many personalities living within themselves
Dissociative Amnesia - Someone is going to forget important details about a specific event, usually a traumatic event
Dissociative Fugue - Occur when a person becomes confused about their identity and they end up traveling to a new place with no idea how they got there
