APHUG Module 7 - 9

Module 7

Ecumene: the portion of earths surface with permanent human settlement

Metacity: city with more than 20 million residents

Megacity: city with more than 10 million residents

The 4 population clusters

  • South Asia: Delhi and Karachi are the metacities and Mumbai/Kolkata, Dhaka, and Lahore are the megacities

  • East Asia

  • Southeast Asia

  • Europe

Snowbelt: States located in the Northern and Midwestern parts of the USA

Sunbelt: States in coastal areas and the South and Southwest

Mean center of population: the balancing point given the distribution of the population

Emerging clusters: West Africa and Eastern North America

The physical features of the earth, including elevation and bodies of water, play a major role in population distribution

  • Humans prefer lower elevations

  • inhabitants of the tropics prefer higher elevations

  • Humans often live near the sea

Other factors that affect population distribution:

  • Climate

  • Culture

  • Economic development

  • Disease

Arithmetic/crude density: average number of people per unit of total land area

  • The calculation of arithmetic/crude density is TOTAL POPULATION ÷ LAND AREA

Physiological density: number of people per unit of arable land

  • The calculation of physiological density is TOTAL POPULATION ÷ ARABLE LAND AREA

Agricultural density: number of farmers per unit of arable land

  • The calculation of agricultural density is TOTAL FARM POPULATION ÷ ARABLE LAND AREA

Population distribution directly affects:

  • Labor supply

  • Infrastructure development

  • National security and defense

  • Human well being

  • Human vulnerability to disease and natural disasters

Module 8

Population composition: the makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

Age structure

  • Prereproductive(0-14)

  • reproductive(15-49)

  • Post reproductive(50-older)

Dependency ratio: the number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (15-64) must support

  • The calculation of dependency ratio is NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS/NUMBER OF WORKING AGE PEOPLE x 100

Androcentrism: phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

Infanticide: practice of killing infants

Causes of unbalanced sex ratios in a population pyramid

  • Androcentrism and infanticide

  • Gender selective migration

  • War

The 4 shapes of population pyramids:

  • Rapid growth: occurs in developing countries where birth rates are high, and there are more younger people than older

  • Slow growth: more narrow base, birth rate is slightly bigger than death rate, and less children are born

  • Stable: birth and death rates are similar and it is wider

  • Decline: more older people with a declining population

World Dependency categories:

  • High child Dependency: high youth Dependency ratio but a low elderly Dependency ratio

  • Moderate child Dependency: moderate youth dependency ratio and low elderly dependency ratio

  • Double dependency: moderate youth dependency ratio but a high elderly dependency ratio

  • High elderly dependency

  • Low overall dependency: working age population is relatively high and both youth and elderly dependency ratios are low

GI Generation: oldest generation in USA, born before 1924, lived through great depression and fought in WW2

Baby boomers: people born from 1946 to 1964 during post WW2 uptick in birth rate

Silent generation: born between 1924 and 1945

Gen x: born between 1965 and 1980

Millenials: born between 1981 and 2000

Gen z: born after 2000

Module 9

Demographic equation: the method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time

  • Natural change: Births - deaths

  • Net migration: In migration - out migration

Crude birth rate: average number of births per 1000 people per year

  • The calculation is TOTAL BIRTHS ÷ TOTAL MID-YEAR POPULATION x 1000

  • Low birth rate: CBR is 10-20

  • Transitional: CBR is 20-30

  • High birth rate: CBR is more than 30

Total fertility rate: the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15-49 years of age

  • More accurate than crude birth rate because it focuses on the part of the female population, reveals average family size and suggested future changes

Replacement level fertility: average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population overtime

  • Slightly bigger than a total fertility rate of 2.0 because not every child survives to adulthood

  • Total fertility rate lower than 2.1 = decline in population

Factors that affect fertility rate

  • Economic development

  • religious and cultural influences

  • Gender roles

  • Population policies

Infant mortality rate: a measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

Child mortality: deaths of children under 5 years of age

Rate of natural increase: the difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year when expressed as a percentage of the total population

  • The calculation of rate of natural increase is (CRUDE BIRTH RATE - CRUDE DEATH RATE) ÷ 10

Zero population growth: when a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its rate of natural increase is 0

Doubling time: the number of years it takes for a population to double in size

Rule of 70: a tool for calculating the doubling time of a population

  • The calculation is 70 ÷ RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE