Ap Euro Period 4 pt 1

Triple Entente:

An alliance formed before World War I between France, Russia, and Great Britain to counter the growing threat of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy).

Central Powers:

The coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I.

Lusitania:

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 Americans. The event swayed U.S. public opinion against Germany and moved the U.S. closer to joining WWI.

Zionists:

Supporters of Zionism, a movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, which eventually led to the founding of Israel in 1948.

Balfour Declaration (1917):

A statement by the British government expressing support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire.

Alexander Kerensky:

A Russian revolutionary who led the Provisional Government after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917, before being overthrown by the Bolsheviks.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR):

A federal socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991, led by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

Democratic centralism:

A Leninist organizational system where political decisions reached by the party (after discussion) are binding on all members, mixing internal democracy with centralized control.

Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918):

A peace treaty between Bolshevik Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia’s involvement in WWI; Russia gave up large territories.

Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal):

Founder of modern Turkey; he led reforms that secularized and modernized the country after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

Collective security:

A system in which nations agree to defend each other against aggression, often associated with the League of Nations and later the United Nations.

Age of Anxiety:

A term describing the cultural and intellectual climate of post-WWI Europe, marked by uncertainty, disillusionment, and a questioning of traditional values.

Dawes Plan (1924):

A plan to stabilize the German economy by restructuring its reparations payments and receiving loans from the U.S. to stimulate recovery after WWI.

Irish Free State:

Established in 1922 as a dominion within the British Commonwealth, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty; precursor to the modern Republic of Ireland.

Friedrich Nietzsche:

A 19th-century German philosopher who challenged traditional morality and religion, famous for ideas like the “will to power” and “God is dead.”

Salvador Dalí:

A Spanish surrealist artist known for his dream-like, bizarre images, like The Persistence of Memory with melting clocks.

Protectionism:

An economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through tariffs or quotas to protect domestic industries.

Kulaks:

Wealthier peasants in the Soviet Union who were targeted by Stalin during collectivization; many were exiled, imprisoned, or killed.

Politburo:

The executive committee and principal policymaking body of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.

Popular Front:

A political alliance of leftist parties (often including communists and socialists) formed in the 1930s to combat fascism and economic crisis, notably in France and Spain.

Munich Conference (1938):

A meeting where Britain and France allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in a failed attempt to avoid war (appeasement).

Winston Churchill:

British Prime Minister during WWII, known for his leadership, speeches, and opposition to appeasement before the war.

Battle of the Bulge (1944–45):

Germany’s last major offensive on the Western Front in WWII, a surprise attack through the Ardennes that was eventually repelled by the Allies.

Battle of Britain (1940):

The air battle between the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe; Britain successfully resisted Hitler’s attempt to gain air superiority.

Tripartite Pact (1940):

A military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII, forming the Axis Powers.